Structure, organization, and response of a species-rich parasitoid community to host leafminer population dynamics.

The parasitoid community dynamics of an agromyzid honeysuckle leafminer, Chromatomyia suikazurae (Agromyzidae, Diptera) were studied between 1981 and 1990 in a natural forest in Kyoto, Japan. The parasitoid fauna composed three koinobionts (all larval-pupal solitary parasitoids) and 22 idiodiont species (11 larval solitary, nine pupal solitary and one pupal gregarious). The parasitoid community was dominated by early-attacking oligophagous braconid koinobionts at early periods, but was gradually displaced by late-attacking polyphagous eulophid idiobionts. Accordingly, the diversity index of the parasitoid community peaked at an intermediate point in the intra-generational succession. The succeeding attack-in-waves by the late-attacking idiobionts greatly reduced not only the survival rates of early-attacking parasitoid larvae but also the survival rates of hosts. The density-dependence observed in the host pupal mortality was thought to result from density-dependent host-switching by a keystone polyphagous pupal idiobiont parasitoid, Chrysocharis pubens, whereas high host pupal mortality was potentially attained by an early-attacking koinobiont braconid. Supposed aggregation of polyphagous parasitoids at high host density resulted in intense within-host competition and in an increase of host-feeding attack, both of which contributed to low emergence rates of parasitoids at high host densities. Parasitoid emergence rates were also reduced at low host densities, probably by inter- and intra-specific hyperparasitism among oligophagous parasitoids for limited hosts. The regulation effects of the species-rich parasitoid community upon the host population dynamics are thought to derive from succeeding attack-in-waves by polyphagous late-attacking idiobionts, especially by the keystone species.