Chastel O, Weimerskirch H, Jouventin P
Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 79360, Beauvoir sur Niort, France.
Oecologia. 1993 May;94(2):278-285. doi: 10.1007/BF00341328.
Demographic parameters were estimated for snow petrels Pagodroma nivea nesting at Pointe Géologie Archipelago, Adélie Land, Antarctica between 1963 and 1990; 21 years of data on adult survival and 27 years of data on breeding success are available. The average age of first return and first breeding were 8.1 and 9.9 years respectively and there was no signifcant difference between the sexes. The overall breeding success averaged 51.3% and was very variable between years (21-80%). Breeding failure was mostly due to incubation failure and annual breeding success was negatively correlated with average snow falls in October-November and October-March. Breeding frequency was very low, averaging 52% of seasons during a reproductive lifetime. Good quality sites, with high occupancy rate and high breeding success were few in the study plots. Poor years in 1966-1967, 1976-1977 and 1983-1984, with low breeding success, very low proportions of nets with breeding attempts and high numbers of non-breeders, occurred 1 year after large-scale El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Snow petrels exhibited very low philopatry. Only 45 birds have been recovered in the study plots from a total of 1115 banded fledglings giving an estimated rate of return of 12.9% between fledging and 3 years old. Annual survival between 3 and 10 years was 91.4%. Annual adult survival (93.4%), though variable, was low during poor years of 1977-1978 and 1983-1984. Adult survival of males (94.7%) was not significantly different from that of females (93.9%). Over the study period, the population of Pointe Géologie was stable. Using the estimated parameters, a Leslie model gave a growth rate of 0.948%, which was probably compensated by immigration (5.7% per year). Restricted numbers of good-quality sites at the place of birth could have led young birds to prospect other colonies and could have selected low philopatry. High adult survival, strong site tenacity and capacity to spread breeding over a long lifetime are probably part of the adaptive strategy of this small fulmarine petrel facing highly variable environmental conditions.
对1963年至1990年间在南极洲阿德利地地质角群岛筑巢的南极雪海燕的种群统计学参数进行了估计；现有21年的成年个体存活数据和27年的繁殖成功率数据。首次返回和首次繁殖的平均年龄分别为8.1岁和9.9岁，两性之间无显著差异。总体繁殖成功率平均为51.3%，年间变化很大（21%-80%）。繁殖失败主要是由于孵化失败，年度繁殖成功率与10-11月和10-3月的平均降雪量呈负相关。繁殖频率很低，在整个繁殖期内平均占季节的52%。研究区域内优质繁殖地很少，这些地方占用率高且繁殖成功率也高。1966 - 1967年、1976 - 1977年和1983 - 1984年是繁殖较差的年份，繁殖成功率低，有繁殖尝试的巢穴比例极低，非繁殖个体数量多，这些年份发生在大规模厄尔尼诺南方涛动（ENSO）事件后的1年。南极雪海燕的出生地忠诚度很低。在研究区域内，从总共1115只戴环志的雏鸟中仅找回了45只，估计雏鸟到3岁之间的返回率为12.9%。3至10岁之间的年存活率为91.4%。成年个体的年存活率（93.4%）虽然存在变化，但在1977 - 1978年和1983 - 1984年等繁殖较差的年份较低。雄性成年个体的存活率（94.7%）与雌性（93.9%）无显著差异。在研究期间，地质角的种群数量稳定。使用估计的参数，莱斯利模型得出的增长率为0.948%，这可能由迁入（每年5.7%）来补偿。出生地优质繁殖地数量有限可能导致幼鸟去寻找其他繁殖群体，从而导致出生地忠诚度较低。成年个体高存活率、较强的繁殖地坚守能力以及在漫长生命中分散繁殖的能力，可能是这种小型鹱形目海燕面对高度变化环境条件的适应性策略的一部分。
