Edwards Christine Ann
Human Nutrition, School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;70(3):246-250. doi: 10.1159/000466711. Epub 2017 Mar 18.
An increasing number of studies show low diversity of the gut microbiome in those with chronic diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergy. Manipulation of the microbiota may promote health. However, the adult microbiota is stable and may be difficult to change. Understanding the fixed and modifiable factors, which determine colonization in early life, may provide strategies for acquisition of a health-promoting microbiome.
Not enough is known about the long-term effects of established determinants of gut colonization, including delivery mode, perinatal antibiotics, and infant diet. It has been suggested that weaning onto solid diet containing non-digestible carbohydrates and cessation of breastfeeding are key stages in the colonization process. In addition, the microbiome of the placenta, amniotic fluid, and breast milk, alongside vaginal and fecal bacteria, may aid the transfer of maternal bacteria to the infant. However, methodological issues such as contamination during collection and/or analysis should be considered. Key Messages: The factors determining early colonization are becoming more evident. However, longitudinal studies of microbiome maturation into late childhood and adulthood are required. The nutrition and health status of the mother before, during, and after birth may be major factors in the early colonization of the infant.
越来越多的研究表明，患有肥胖症、炎症性肠病和过敏等慢性疾病的人群肠道微生物群的多样性较低。对微生物群进行调控可能会促进健康。然而，成人的微生物群是稳定的，可能难以改变。了解决定生命早期微生物群定植的固定因素和可改变因素，可能会为获得促进健康的微生物群提供策略。
对于肠道定植的既定决定因素，包括分娩方式、围产期抗生素和婴儿饮食的长期影响，我们了解得还不够。有人提出，过渡到含有不可消化碳水化合物的固体饮食以及停止母乳喂养是定植过程中的关键阶段。此外，胎盘、羊水和母乳中的微生物群，以及阴道和粪便中的细菌，可能有助于母体细菌向婴儿的转移。然而，应考虑诸如采集和/或分析过程中的污染等方法学问题。关键信息：决定早期定植的因素越来越明显。然而，需要对微生物群成熟至儿童晚期和成年期进行纵向研究。母亲在产前、产中和产后的营养和健康状况可能是婴儿早期定植的主要因素。
