Elibariki Raheli, Maguta Mihayo Musabila
Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization, P.O. Box 23235, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Chemosphere. 2017 Jul;178:154-164. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.036. Epub 2017 Mar 9.
Various studies have been conducted in Tanzania to assess the magnitude of pesticides pollution associated with pesticides application, storage, disposal as well as knowledge of farmers on pesticides handling. The studies analysed samples from different matrices covering vegetation, biota, water, sediments and soil. The objective of this review was to summarise the results of pesticides residues reported in different components of the environment to give a clear picture of pesticides pollution status in the country for law enforcement as well as for taking precaution measures. Gaps which need to be filled in order to establish a comprehensive understanding on pesticides pollution in the country have also been highlighted. Reviewed studies revealed that, most of the samples contained pesticides below permissible limits (WHO, FAO, US-EPA) except for few samples such as water from Kikavu river, Kilimanjaro region and Kilolo district, Iringa region which were detected with some Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) above WHO permissible limits. Some soil samples from the former storage sites also contained pesticides above FAO permissible limits. Pesticides and their metabolites were also detected both in vegetation, food and biota samples. The prevalent pesticides in the reviewed studies were the organochlorines such as Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). Surveys to assess farmer's knowledge on pesticides handling observed poor understanding of farmers on pesticides storage, application and disposal. Decontamination of former storage areas, continuous monitoring of pesticide applications and training of farmers on proper handling of pesticides are highly recommended.
坦桑尼亚开展了多项研究，以评估与农药施用、储存、处置相关的农药污染程度，以及农民对农药处理的了解情况。这些研究分析了来自不同基质的样本，包括植被、生物群、水、沉积物和土壤。本综述的目的是总结在环境不同组成部分中报告的农药残留结果，以便清晰了解该国的农药污染状况，为执法以及采取预防措施提供依据。还强调了为全面了解该国农药污染而需要填补的空白。经审查的研究表明，除了少数样本外，大多数样本中的农药含量低于允许限值（世界卫生组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、美国环境保护局），例如乞力马扎罗地区基卡武河的水以及伊林加地区基洛洛区的一些样本中检测到某些有机氯农药（OCPs）超过了世界卫生组织的允许限值。一些来自以前储存地点的土壤样本中的农药含量也超过了联合国粮食及农业组织的允许限值。在植被、食物和生物群样本中也检测到了农药及其代谢物。经审查的研究中普遍存在的农药是有机氯类，如滴滴涕（DDT）、硫丹和六氯环己烷（HCH）。评估农民对农药处理知识的调查发现，农民对农药储存、施用和处置的了解较差。强烈建议对以前的储存区域进行去污处理，持续监测农药施用情况，并对农民进行正确处理农药的培训。
