Mazón-Suástegui José Manuel, García-Bernal Milagro, Saucedo Pedro Enrique, Campa-Córdova Ángel, Abasolo-Pacheco Fernando
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba.
Homeopathy. 2017 Feb;106(1):18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.homp.2016.12.002. Epub 2017 Jan 10.
Mortality from vibriosis in mollusk production is attributed to pathogenic bacteria, particularly Vibrio alginolyticus. Use of increasingly potent antibiotics has led to bacterial resistance and increased pathogenicity. Alternatives in sanitation, safety, and environmental sustainability are currently under analysis. To-date, homeopathy has been investigated in aquaculture of freshwater fish, but not in marine mollusks. The effect of the homeopathic complexes in the growth, survival, and immune response of the Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus were assessed.
A bioassay to assess the potential of homeopathy in improving cultivation of juvenile A. ventricosus was conducted for 21 days, with a final challenge of 120 h with V. alginolyticus. The experimental design included two homeopathic formulas The homeopathic complex Passival, consisting of Passiflora incarnata 30 CH, Valeriana officinalis 30 CH, Ignatia amara 30 CH and Zincum valerianicum 30 CH plus Phosphoricum acid 30 CH (treatment TH1) or Silicea terra 30 CH (TH2), two antibiotics (ampicillin = AMP, oxytetracycline = OXY), and two reference treatments (without homeopathic or antibiotic treatment = CTRL, ethanol 30° GL = ETH). Additionally, a negative control CTRL- (untreated/uninfected) is included in the challenge test. Juvenile scallops (4.14 ± 0.06 mm, 13.33 mg wet weight) were cultivated in 4 L tanks provided with aerated, filtered (1 μm), and UV-sterilized seawater that was changed every third day. They were fed a blend of the microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans (150,000 cells mL twice a day). All treatments were directly added to the tank water and then 500 mL challenge units were inoculated with 1 × 10 CFU/mL (LD) of V. alginolyticus.
Juveniles grew significantly larger and faster in height and weight with TH2 compared to the ETH and CTRL (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Higher concentrations of proteins occurred in scallops exposed to TH2 (160.57 ± 7.79 mg g), compared to other treatments and reference treatments. Higher survival rate during the challenge bioassay occurred with TH1 (85%), compared to AMP (53%), OXY (30%), and CTRL (0%), and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) was significantly higher in scallops treated with TH1, compared to other treatments and reference treatments.
Homeopathic treatments improved growth and survival and enhanced survival against V. alginolyticus in juvenile A. ventricosus. This suggests that homeopathy is a viable treatment for this mollusk to reduce use of antibiotics in scallops and its progressive increase in pathogenicity in mollusk hatcheries.
软体动物养殖中弧菌病导致的死亡归因于病原菌，尤其是溶藻弧菌。使用药效越来越强的抗生素已导致细菌产生耐药性并增加了致病性。目前正在分析卫生、安全和环境可持续性方面的替代方法。迄今为止，顺势疗法已在淡水鱼养殖中进行了研究，但尚未在海洋软体动物中进行研究。评估了顺势疗法复合物对卡塔琳娜扇贝（海湾扇贝）生长、存活和免疫反应的影响。
进行了一项生物测定，以评估顺势疗法在改善海湾扇贝幼贝养殖方面的潜力，为期21天，最后用溶藻弧菌进行120小时的攻毒试验。实验设计包括两种顺势疗法配方，顺势疗法复合物Passival，由西番莲30CH、缬草30CH、白屈菜30CH和缬草酸锌30CH加磷酸30CH组成（处理TH1）或硅石30CH（TH2），两种抗生素（氨苄青霉素=AMP，土霉素=OXY），以及两种对照处理（无顺势疗法或抗生素处理=CTRL，30°GL乙醇=ETH）。此外，在攻毒试验中包括一个阴性对照CTRL-（未处理/未感染）。海湾扇贝幼贝（4.14±0.06毫米，湿重13.33毫克）在4升水箱中养殖，水箱提供充气、过滤（1微米）和紫外线消毒的海水，每三天更换一次。它们每天两次投喂等鞭金藻和角毛藻的混合藻液（每毫升150,000个细胞）。所有处理直接添加到水箱水中，然后用1×10CFU/mL（LD）的溶藻弧菌接种500毫升攻毒单位。
与ETH和CTRL相比，用TH2处理的幼贝在高度和重量上生长得显著更大、更快（P<0.05，方差分析）。与其他处理和对照处理相比，暴露于TH2的扇贝中蛋白质浓度更高（160.57±7.79毫克/克）。在攻毒生物测定中，TH1的存活率更高（85%），相比之下AMP为53%，OXY为30%，CTRL为0%，并且与其他处理和对照处理相比，用TH1处理的扇贝中超氧化物歧化酶（P<0.05）显著更高。
顺势疗法处理改善了海湾扇贝幼贝的生长和存活，并增强了其对溶藻弧菌的抵抗力。这表明顺势疗法是一种可行的处理方法，可减少扇贝中抗生素的使用及其在软体动物孵化场中致病性的逐渐增加。
