Tsianos George A, Loeb Gerald E
Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2017 Mar 16;7(2):429-462. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c160009.
Understanding of the musculoskeletal system has evolved from the collection of individual phenomena in highly selected experimental preparations under highly controlled and often unphysiological conditions. At the systems level, it is now possible to construct complete and reasonably accurate models of the kinetics and energetics of realistic muscles and to combine them to understand the dynamics of complete musculoskeletal systems performing natural behaviors. At the reductionist level, it is possible to relate most of the individual phenomena to the anatomical structures and biochemical processes that account for them. Two large challenges remain. At a systems level, neuroscience must now account for how the nervous system learns to exploit the many complex features that evolution has incorporated into muscle and limb mechanics. At a reductionist level, medicine must now account for the many forms of pathology and disability that arise from the many diseases and injuries to which this highly evolved system is inevitably prone. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:429-462, 2017.
对肌肉骨骼系统的认识已从在高度受控且往往不符合生理条件的高度特定实验准备中收集个体现象发展而来。在系统层面，现在有可能构建现实肌肉动力学和能量学的完整且合理准确的模型，并将它们结合起来以理解执行自然行为的完整肌肉骨骼系统的动力学。在还原论层面，有可能将大多数个体现象与解释它们的解剖结构和生化过程联系起来。仍然存在两大挑战。在系统层面，神经科学现在必须解释神经系统如何学会利用进化融入肌肉和肢体力学中的许多复杂特征。在还原论层面，医学现在必须解释这个高度进化的系统不可避免易患的许多疾病和损伤所导致的多种形式的病理和残疾。© 2017美国生理学会。《综合生理学》7:429 - 462, 2017。
