Peng Cheng, Zhang Wen, Gao Haiping, Li Yang, Tong Xin, Li Kungang, Zhu Xiaoshan, Wang Yixiang, Chen Yongsheng
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2017 Jan 22;7(1):21. doi: 10.3390/nano7010021.
The specific properties of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have not only led to rapidly increasing applications in various industrial and commercial products, but also caused environmental concerns due to the inevitable release of NPs and their unpredictable biological/ecological impacts. This review discusses the environmental behavior of metal-based NPs with an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms and kinetics. The focus is on knowledge gaps in the interaction of NPs with aquatic organisms, which can influence the fate, transport and toxicity of NPs in the aquatic environment. Aggregation transforms NPs into micrometer-sized clusters in the aqueous environment, whereas dissolution also alters the size distribution and surface reactivity of metal-based NPs. A unique toxicity mechanism of metal-based NPs is related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent ROS-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, aggregation, dissolution and ROS generation could influence each other and also be influenced by many factors, including the sizes, shapes and surface charge of NPs, as well as the pH, ionic strength, natural organic matter and experimental conditions. Bioaccumulation of NPs in single organism species, such as aquatic plants, zooplankton, fish and benthos, is summarized and compared. Moreover, the trophic transfer and/or biomagnification of metal-based NPs in an aquatic ecosystem are discussed. In addition, genetic effects could result from direct or indirect interactions between DNA and NPs. Finally, several challenges facing us are put forward in the review.
金属基纳米颗粒（NPs）的特殊性质不仅使其在各种工业和商业产品中的应用迅速增加，而且由于纳米颗粒的不可避免释放及其不可预测的生物/生态影响，也引发了环境问题。本综述讨论了金属基纳米颗粒的环境行为，并对其机制和动力学进行了深入分析。重点是纳米颗粒与水生生物相互作用方面的知识空白，这可能会影响纳米颗粒在水生环境中的归宿、迁移和毒性。聚集作用会使纳米颗粒在水环境中转变为微米级的聚集体，而溶解作用也会改变金属基纳米颗粒的尺寸分布和表面反应性。金属基纳米颗粒独特的毒性机制与活性氧（ROS）的产生以及随后ROS诱导的氧化应激有关。此外，聚集、溶解和ROS的产生可能相互影响，并且还受到许多因素的影响，包括纳米颗粒的大小、形状和表面电荷，以及pH值、离子强度、天然有机物和实验条件。总结并比较了纳米颗粒在单一生物物种（如水生植物、浮游动物、鱼类和底栖生物）中的生物积累情况。此外，还讨论了金属基纳米颗粒在水生生态系统中的营养转移和/或生物放大作用。另外，DNA与纳米颗粒之间的直接或间接相互作用可能会导致遗传效应。最后，综述中提出了我们面临的几个挑战。
