Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Veterinärstr 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
Poult Sci. 2017 Jul 1;96(7):2064-2073. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew491.
Peas are traditionally used as a protein source for poultry. However, peas contain antinutritional factors (ANF), which are associated with the initiation of local and systemic immune reactions. The current study examined the effect of feeding raw or differently processed peas in comparison with feeding a soybean meal (SBM) based control diet (C) on the gut mucosal immune system of broilers in a 35 day feeding trial. In six replicates, a total of 360 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to four different groups receiving C, or three treatment diets containing raw, fermented, and enzymatically pre-digested peas, each supplying 30% of required crude protein. After slaughtering, jejunal samples were taken for immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, and gene expression analyses. Investigations were focused on the topological distribution of intraepithelial leukocytes (villus tip, villus mid, and crypt region) as well as on the further characterization of the different intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and concomitant pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Broilers receiving the raw or processed pea diets had higher numbers of intraepithelial CD45+ leukocytes in the tip (P = 0.004) and mid region (P < 0.001) of villi than birds fed C. Higher numbers of intraepithelial CD3+ lymphocytes were found in the villus tip (P = 0.002) and mid region (P = 0.003) of birds fed raw or processed pea containing diets in comparison with those fed C. The flow cytometric phenotyping showed a similar relative distribution of IEL among the feeding groups. The expression of intestinal pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was affected by feeding the different diets only to a minor extent. To conclude, feeding of diets formulated with raw and processed peas in comparison with feeding a SBM control diet initiated mucosal immune responses in the jejunum of broilers indicated by a quantitative increase of intraepithelial T cells. Further research is needed in order to ascertain the specific factors which are responsible for observed local immune reactions and how these local reactions might affect the immune status and health of broilers.
豌豆传统上被用作家禽的蛋白质来源。然而，豌豆含有抗营养因子（ANF），这些因子与局部和全身免疫反应的启动有关。本研究在 35 天的饲养试验中，研究了与饲喂基于大豆粉（SBM）的对照日粮（C）相比，饲喂生的或不同加工的豌豆对肉鸡肠道黏膜免疫系统的影响。在 6 个重复中，将 360 只 1 日龄雄性肉鸡随机分配到 4 个不同的组中，分别接受 C 或 3 种含有生豌豆、发酵豌豆和酶预处理豌豆的处理日粮，每个日粮组提供 30%的所需粗蛋白。屠宰后，取空肠样本进行免疫组织化学、流式细胞术和基因表达分析。研究重点是上皮内白细胞（绒毛尖端、绒毛中部和隐窝区域）的拓扑分布，以及对不同上皮内淋巴细胞（IEL）和伴随的促炎和抗炎细胞因子的进一步表征。饲喂生豌豆或加工豌豆日粮的肉鸡，其上皮内 CD45+白细胞在绒毛尖端（P = 0.004）和中部（P < 0.001）的数量高于饲喂 C 的肉鸡。饲喂含有生豌豆或加工豌豆日粮的肉鸡，其上皮内 CD3+淋巴细胞在绒毛尖端（P = 0.002）和中部（P = 0.003）的数量高于饲喂 C 的肉鸡。流式细胞术表型分析显示，IEL 在不同饲料组之间的相对分布相似。不同饲料对肠道促炎和抗炎细胞因子的表达只有很小的影响。总之，与饲喂 SBM 对照日粮相比，饲喂生豌豆和加工豌豆日粮可启动肉鸡空肠黏膜免疫反应，表现为上皮内 T 细胞数量的定量增加。需要进一步研究，以确定导致观察到的局部免疫反应的具体因素，以及这些局部反应如何影响肉鸡的免疫状态和健康。
