Świdwińska-Gajewska Anna Maria, Czerczak Sławomir
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera / Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Chemicznego / Department of Chemical Safety).
Med Pr. 2017 Mar 24;68(2):259-276. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.00504. Epub 2017 Mar 8.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a diverse group of nano-objects in terms of structure, size (length, diameter), shape and characteristics. The growing interest in these structures is due to the increasing number of people working in exposure to CNTs. Occupational exposure to carbon nanotubes may occur in research laboratories, as well as in plants producing CNTs and their nanocomposites. Carbon nanotubes concentration at the emission source may reach 107 particles/cm. These values, however, are considerably reduced after the application of adequate ventilation. Animal studies suggest that the main route of exposure is inhalation. Carbon nanotubes administered orally are largely excreted in the feces. In animals exposed by inhalation, CNTs caused mainly inflammation, as a result of oxidative stress, leading above all to changes in the lungs. The main effect of animal dermal exposure is oxidative stress causing local inflammation. In animals exposed by ingestion the mild or no toxicity was observed. Carbon nanotubes did not induce mutations in the bacterial tests, but they were genotoxic in a series of tests on cells in vitro, as well as in exposed mice in vivo. Embryotoxicity of nanotubes depends mainly on their modifications and carcinogenicity - primarily on the CNT size and its rigidity. Occupational exposure limits for CNTs proposed by world experts fall within the range of 1-80 μg/m. The different effects of various kinds of CNT, leads to the conclusion that each type of nanotube should be treated as a separate substance with individual estimation of hygienic normative. Med Pr 2017;68(2):259-276.
就结构、尺寸（长度、直径）、形状和特性而言，碳纳米管（CNTs）是一类多样的纳米物体。对这些结构的兴趣日益浓厚，原因是接触碳纳米管的工作人员数量不断增加。职业性接触碳纳米管可能发生在研究实验室，以及生产碳纳米管及其纳米复合材料的工厂。排放源处的碳纳米管浓度可能达到107颗粒/立方厘米。然而，在采用适当通风后，这些值会大幅降低。动物研究表明，主要接触途径是吸入。经口服给予的碳纳米管大多随粪便排出。在通过吸入接触的动物中，碳纳米管主要因氧化应激导致炎症，首先引起肺部变化。动物皮肤接触的主要影响是氧化应激导致局部炎症。在经口接触的动物中，观察到轻微毒性或无毒性。碳纳米管在细菌试验中未诱发突变，但在一系列体外细胞试验以及体内接触的小鼠中具有基因毒性。纳米管的胚胎毒性主要取决于其修饰以及致癌性——主要取决于碳纳米管的尺寸及其刚性。世界专家提议的碳纳米管职业接触限值在1 - 80微克/立方米范围内。各类碳纳米管的不同影响导致得出这样的结论：每种类型的纳米管都应被视为一种单独的物质，并对卫生规范进行单独评估。《医学实践》2017年；68(2):259 - 276。
