Kashongwe O B, Bebe B O, Matofari J W, Huelsebusch C G
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales (ISTM-Bukavu), P.O. Box 3036, Bukavu, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2017 Jun;49(5):909-914. doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1270-3. Epub 2017 Mar 29.
Associations between feeding practices, milk yield, and composition were assessed in smallholder rural and peri-urban dairy cow (n = 97) and pastoral camel (n = 15) herds. A cross-sectional survey supplemented by follow-up collection of feed and milk samples for laboratory analyses was conducted. Data was analyzed using descriptive, correlation, and analysis of variance statistics. Feeding practices in rural smallholder dairy cows' herds were pastured based (87.7%) with napier grass (89.4%) and concentrates (93.9%) as forage and concentrate supplements. In smallholder peri-urban dairy cows' herds, it was napier grass based (68.4%) with concentrates (100%), oat forages (42.9%), and crop residues (28.6%). Pastoral camel herds were shrub browsing (53%), rangeland pasture grazing (20%), or Euphorbia tirucalli feeding (27%). Smallholder rural farmers offered more feeds (16.1 vs 15.3 kg/day) than peri-urban farmers, hence net energy for lactation (1.4 vs 1.3 Mcal/kg), crude protein (CP) (10 vs 12%), and milk yields (12 vs 9 kg/herd/day) was higher. Milk fat was higher in smallholder peri-urban (4.3%) than that of rural (3.9%). In pastoral camels, E. tirucalli feeding had higher daily milk yield/herd, fat, and CP (63 kg, 4.5 and 3.6%) than shrub browsing (35 kg, 4.2 and 3.0%) and grazing (23 kg yield, 2.6 and 2.7%). Five feeding practices out of 14 in smallholder dairy cattle herds resulted in more than 10 kg milk/cow/day because of low forage-to-concentrate ratio (2.5), inclusion of legume crop residue, or processing forages. They present opportunities for improved production in smallholder herds. In pastoral camel, E. tirucalli feeding showed the highest potential.
在农村小农户和城郊奶牛（n = 97头）以及游牧骆驼（n = 15峰）养殖群体中，评估了饲养方式、产奶量和奶成分之间的关联。开展了一项横断面调查，并通过后续收集饲料和牛奶样本进行实验室分析加以补充。使用描述性统计、相关性统计和方差分析对数据进行了分析。农村小农户奶牛养殖群体的饲养方式以放牧为主（87.7%），以象草（89.4%）和精饲料（93.9%）作为草料和精饲料补充。在城郊小农户奶牛养殖群体中，以象草为主（68.4%），搭配精饲料（100%）、燕麦草料（42.9%）和作物秸秆（28.6%）。游牧骆驼养殖群体的饲养方式为啃食灌木（53%）、在牧场放牧（20%）或投喂绿玉树（27%）。农村小农户提供的饲料量（16.1千克/天，而城郊农户为15.3千克/天）更多，因此泌乳净能（1.4千卡/千克，而城郊为1.3千卡/千克）、粗蛋白（CP）（10%，而城郊为12%）和产奶量（12千克/群体/天，而城郊为9千克/群体/天）也更高。城郊小农户养殖奶牛的乳脂率（4.3%）高于农村（3.9%）。在游牧骆驼中，投喂绿玉树的日群体产奶量、乳脂率和粗蛋白含量（63千克、4.5%和3.6%）高于啃食灌木（35千克、4.2%和3.0%）和放牧（产奶量23千克、2.6%和2.7%）。农村小农户奶牛养殖群体的14种饲养方式中有5种由于草料与精饲料比例低（2.5）、添加豆科作物秸秆或对草料进行加工处理，使得每头奶牛日产奶量超过10千克。这些饲养方式为提高小农户养殖群体的产量提供了机会。在游牧骆驼养殖中，投喂绿玉树显示出最大潜力。
