Rooney Kevin K, Condia Robert J, Loschky Lester C
College of Architecture, Planning, and Design, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA.
Department of Architecture, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA.
Front Psychol. 2017 Mar 16;8:326. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00326. eCollection 2017.
Neuroscience has well established that human vision divides into the central and peripheral fields of view. Central vision extends from the point of gaze (where we are looking) out to about 5° of visual angle (the width of one's fist at arm's length), while peripheral vision is the vast remainder of the visual field. These visual fields project to the parvo and magno ganglion cells, which process distinctly different types of information from the world around us and project that information to the ventral and dorsal visual streams, respectively. Building on the dorsal/ventral stream dichotomy, we can further distinguish between focal processing of central vision, and ambient processing of peripheral vision. Thus, our visual processing of and attention to objects and scenes depends on how and where these stimuli fall on the retina. The built environment is no exception to these dependencies, specifically in terms of how focal object perception and ambient spatial perception create different types of experiences we have with built environments. We argue that these foundational mechanisms of the eye and the visual stream are limiting parameters of architectural experience. We hypothesize that people experience architecture in two basic ways based on these visual limitations; by intellectually assessing architecture consciously through focal object processing and assessing architecture in terms of atmosphere through pre-conscious ambient spatial processing. Furthermore, these separate ways of processing architectural stimuli operate in parallel throughout the visual perceptual system. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of architecture must take into account that built environments are stimuli that are treated differently by focal and ambient vision, which enable intellectual analysis of architectural experience versus the experience of architectural atmosphere, respectively. We offer this theoretical model to help advance a more precise understanding of the experience of architecture, which can be tested through future experimentation. (298 words).
神经科学已经充分证实，人类视觉可分为中央视野和周边视野。中央视觉从注视点（我们正在看的地方）向外延伸至约5°视角（伸直手臂时一个拳头的宽度），而周边视觉则是视野的其余大部分区域。这些视野投射到小细胞和大细胞神经节细胞，它们处理来自我们周围世界的截然不同的信息类型，并分别将这些信息投射到腹侧和背侧视觉通路。基于背侧/腹侧通路二分法，我们可以进一步区分中央视觉的焦点处理和周边视觉的环境处理。因此，我们对物体和场景的视觉处理及注意力取决于这些刺激落在视网膜上的方式和位置。建筑环境也不例外，特别是在焦点物体感知和环境空间感知如何创造我们与建筑环境的不同体验方面。我们认为，眼睛和视觉通路的这些基本机制是建筑体验的限制参数。我们假设，基于这些视觉限制，人们以两种基本方式体验建筑；通过焦点物体处理有意识地理智评估建筑，以及通过前意识环境空间处理从氛围角度评估建筑。此外，这些处理建筑刺激的不同方式在整个视觉感知系统中并行运作。因此，对建筑更全面的理解必须考虑到，建筑环境作为刺激，焦点视觉和环境视觉对其处理方式不同，分别促成对建筑体验的理智分析和建筑氛围体验。我们提供这个理论模型，以帮助更精确地理解建筑体验，这可以通过未来的实验进行验证。
