Gerlach Christina A, Kummrow Maya S, Meyer Leith C, Zeiler Gareth E, Stegmann George F, Buck Roxanne K, Fosgate Geoffrey T, Kästner Sabine B
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2017 Mar;48(1):62-71. doi: 10.1638/2016-0010.1.
In order to develop a long-term anesthesia for flighty antelope species in field situations, two different protocols for induction and maintenance with an intravenous infusion were evaluated in wild-caught impala ( Aepyceros melampus ). Ten adult female impala were induced with two induction protocols: one consisted of 0.2 mg/kg medetomidine, 4 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.15 mg/kg butorphanol (MKB) and one consisted of 0.375 mg/kg etorphine, 0.2 mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.2 mg/kg midazolam (EMM). In both treatments, anesthesia was maintained with a continuous intravenous infusion (CII) at an initial dose rate of 1.2 μg/kg per hr medetomidine, 2.4 mg/kg per hr ketaminen and 36 μg/kg per hr midazolam. Partial reversal was achieved with naltrexone (2 : 1 mg butorphanol; 20 : 1 mg etorphine) and atipamezole (5 : 1 mg medetomidine). Evaluation of anesthesia included respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation, end tidal carbon dioxide tension, and tidal volume at 5-min intervals, palpebral reflex and response to painful stimuli at 15-min intervals, and arterial blood gases at 30-min intervals. Plasma cortisol concentration was determined after induction and before reversal. Duration and quality of induction and recovery were evaluated. EMM caused a faster induction of 9.5 ± 2.9 min compared to 11.0 ± 6.4 min in MKB. Recovery was also quicker in EMM (EMM: 6.3 ± 5.4 min; MKB: 9.8 ± 6.0 min). However, EMM also produced more cardiopulmonary side effects, including hypoxemia and hypercapnia, and calculated oxygenation indices (PaCO-PETCO) were worse than in MKB. One animal died after induction with EMM. The CII provided surgical anesthesia in 7 of 10 animals in MKB and in 9 of 9 animals in EMM for 120 min. In conclusion, the MKB induction protocol had advantages for prolonged anesthesia in impala with significantly less cardiopulmonary depression compared to EMM. The comparably decreased anesthetic depth could easily be adjusted by an increase of the CII.
为了在野外环境中为易受惊的羚羊物种开发一种长效麻醉方法，我们在野生捕获的黑斑羚（Aepyceros melampus）中评估了两种不同的静脉输注诱导和维持麻醉方案。十只成年雌性黑斑羚采用两种诱导方案进行诱导：一种由0.2mg/kg美托咪定、4mg/kg氯胺酮和0.15mg/kg布托啡诺（MKB）组成，另一种由0.375mg/kg埃托啡、0.2mg/kg美托咪定和0.2mg/kg咪达唑仑（EMM）组成。在两种治疗中，麻醉均通过持续静脉输注（CII）维持，初始剂量率为每小时1.2μg/kg美托咪定、每小时2.4mg/kg氯胺酮和每小时36μg/kg咪达唑仑。使用纳曲酮（布托啡诺2∶1mg；埃托啡20∶1mg）和阿替美唑（美托咪定5∶1mg）实现部分逆转。麻醉评估包括每隔5分钟测量呼吸频率、心率、直肠温度、动脉血压、血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压和潮气量，每隔15分钟测量眼睑反射和对疼痛刺激的反应，每隔30分钟测量动脉血气。在诱导后和逆转前测定血浆皮质醇浓度。评估诱导和恢复的持续时间及质量。与MKB组的11.0±6.4分钟相比，EMM组诱导更快，为9.5±2.9分钟。EMM组的恢复也更快（EMM组：6.3±5.4分钟；MKB组：9.8±6.0分钟）。然而，EMM组也产生了更多的心肺副作用，包括低氧血症和高碳酸血症，计算得出的氧合指数（PaCO - PETCO）比MKB组更差。一只动物在EMM诱导后死亡。MKB组10只动物中有7只、EMM组9只动物中的9只通过CII获得了120分钟的手术麻醉。总之，与EMM相比，MKB诱导方案在黑斑羚的长时间麻醉方面具有优势，心肺抑制明显更少。通过增加CII可以轻松调整相对降低的麻醉深度。
