Shields Grant S, Sazma Matthew A, McCullough Andrew M, Yonelinas Andrew P
Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis.
Psychol Bull. 2017 Jun;143(6):636-675. doi: 10.1037/bul0000100. Epub 2017 Apr 3.
A growing body of research has indicated that acute stress can critically impact memory. However, there are a number of inconsistencies in the literature, and important questions remain regarding the conditions under which stress effects emerge as well as basic questions about how stress impacts different phases of memory. In this meta-analysis, we examined 113 independent studies in humans with 6,216 participants that explored effects of stress on encoding, postencoding, retrieval, or postreactivation phases of episodic memory. The results indicated that when stress occurred prior to or during encoding it impaired memory, unless both the delay between the stressor and encoding was very short and the study materials were directly related to the stressor, in which case stress improved encoding. In contrast, postencoding stress improved memory unless the stressor occurred in a different physical context than the study materials. When stress occurred just prior to or during retrieval, memory was impaired, and these effects were larger for emotionally valenced materials than neutral materials. Although stress consistently increased cortisol, the magnitude of the cortisol response was not related to the effects of stress on memory. Nonetheless, the effects of stress on memory were generally reduced in magnitude for women taking hormonal contraceptives. These analyses indicate that stress disrupts some episodic memory processes while enhancing others, and that the effects of stress are modulated by a number of critical factors. These results provide important constraints on current theories of stress and memory, and point to new questions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
越来越多的研究表明，急性应激会对记忆产生重大影响。然而，文献中存在一些不一致之处，关于应激效应出现的条件以及应激如何影响记忆不同阶段的基本问题仍然存在。在这项荟萃分析中，我们考察了针对6216名参与者开展的113项独立的人体研究，这些研究探讨了应激对情景记忆的编码、编码后、检索或再激活后阶段的影响。结果表明，当应激在编码之前或期间发生时，会损害记忆，除非应激源与编码之间的延迟非常短且研究材料与应激源直接相关，在这种情况下应激会改善编码。相比之下，编码后应激会改善记忆，除非应激源发生在与研究材料不同的物理环境中。当应激恰好在检索之前或期间发生时，记忆会受到损害，并且这些效应对于带有情感色彩的材料比中性材料更大。虽然应激持续增加皮质醇，但皮质醇反应的强度与应激对记忆的影响无关。尽管如此，对于服用激素避孕药的女性，应激对记忆的影响总体上在程度上有所降低。这些分析表明，应激会破坏一些情景记忆过程，同时增强另一些过程，并且应激的影响受到一些关键因素的调节。这些结果为当前的应激与记忆理论提供了重要限制，并指出了未来研究的新问题。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》 ）
