Gagnon Stephanie A, Wagner Anthony D
Department of Psychology.
Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Apr;1369(1):55-75. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12996. Epub 2016 Jan 21.
Episodic retrieval allows people to access memories from the past to guide current thoughts and decisions. In many real-world situations, retrieval occurs under conditions of acute stress, either elicited by the retrieval task or driven by other, unrelated concerns. Memory under such conditions may be hindered, as acute stress initiates a cascade of neuromodulatory changes that can impair episodic retrieval. Here, we review emerging evidence showing that dissociable stress systems interact over time, influencing neural function. In addition to the adverse effects of stress on hippocampal-dependent retrieval, we consider how stress biases attention and prefrontal cortical function, which could further affect controlled retrieval processes. Finally, we consider recent data indicating that stress at retrieval increases activity in a network of brain regions that enable reflexive, rapid responding to upcoming threats, while transiently taking offline regions supporting flexible, goal-directed thinking. Given the ubiquity of episodic memory retrieval in everyday life, it is critical to understand the theoretical and applied implications of acute stress. The present review highlights the progress that has been made, along with important open questions.
情景记忆提取使人们能够获取过去的记忆，以指导当前的思维和决策。在许多现实世界的情况下，记忆提取是在急性应激条件下发生的，这种应激要么由提取任务引发，要么由其他无关的担忧驱动。在这种情况下，记忆可能会受到阻碍，因为急性应激会引发一系列神经调节变化，从而损害情景记忆提取。在这里，我们回顾了新出现的证据，这些证据表明可分离的应激系统会随着时间相互作用，影响神经功能。除了应激对海马体依赖的记忆提取的不利影响外，我们还考虑了应激如何使注意力和前额叶皮层功能产生偏差，这可能会进一步影响受控制的记忆提取过程。最后，我们考虑了最近的数据，这些数据表明提取时的应激会增加一个脑区网络的活动，该网络能够对即将到来的威胁做出反射性的快速反应，同时使支持灵活的、目标导向思维的脑区暂时离线。鉴于情景记忆提取在日常生活中无处不在，了解急性应激的理论和应用意义至关重要。本综述突出了已取得的进展以及重要的悬而未决的问题。
