Macher A M
Department of Infectious and Parasitic Disease Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000.
Public Health Rep. 1988 May-Jun;103(3):246-54.
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating new disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This retrovirus causes profound immunoincompetence in its infected hosts, who are thereafter susceptible to develop myriad severe and relapsing protozoal, fungal, bacterial, viral, and arthropodal opportunistic infections, as well as unusual malignancies. The more than 50,000 patients who have developed AIDS in the United States have produced a sudden unexpected deluge of diagnostic dilemmas that are stressing laboratories of pathology everywhere. This paper describes the gross and microscopic pathology of the numerous complications in patients infected by HIV: (a) the prodromal AIDS-related complex with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, (b) lymphoid infiltration of salivary gland and lung, including the complex of lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis-pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia, (c) extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, (d) multifocal mucocutaneous and visceral Kaposi's sarcoma, (e) small cell undifferentiated (oat cell) carcinomas, (f) protozoal infections caused by Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, Acanthamoeba, Cryptosporidium species (sp.), and Isospora belli, (g) the causes of chronic enteritis, (h) mycotic infections caused by Candida sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Sporothrix schenckii, (i) bacterial infections caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, Nocardia sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Legionella sp., Treponema pallidum, and others, (j) viral infections caused by cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and zoster, polyomavirus (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy), hepatitis B, molluscum contagiosum, and papillomavirus, (k) oral hairy leukoplakia, (l) subacute encephalopathy, and (m) Norwegian scabies.
获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）是一种由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）引起的极具破坏性的新疾病。这种逆转录病毒会使其感染宿主产生严重的免疫功能不全，此后这些宿主易发生多种严重且反复的原生动物、真菌、细菌、病毒和节肢动物机会性感染，以及罕见的恶性肿瘤。美国已有超过50000名患者患上艾滋病，这突然引发了意想不到的大量诊断难题，给各地的病理学实验室带来了压力。本文描述了感染HIV患者众多并发症的大体和微观病理学情况：（a）伴有持续性全身性淋巴结病的前驱艾滋病相关综合征；（b）唾液腺和肺部的淋巴样浸润，包括淋巴样间质性肺炎 - 肺淋巴样增生复合体；（c）结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤；（d）多灶性黏膜皮肤和内脏卡波西肉瘤；（e）小细胞未分化（燕麦细胞）癌；（f）由卡氏肺孢子虫、弓形虫、棘阿米巴、隐孢子虫属和贝氏等孢球虫引起的原生动物感染；（g）慢性肠炎的病因；（h）由念珠菌属、新型隐球菌、荚膜组织胞浆菌、粗球孢子菌和申克孢子丝菌引起的真菌感染；（i）由鸟分枝杆菌 - 胞内分枝杆菌、结核分枝杆菌、堪萨斯分枝杆菌、诺卡菌属、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、军团菌属、梅毒螺旋体等引起的细菌感染；（j）由巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹和带状疱疹、多瘤病毒（进行性多灶性白质脑病）、乙型肝炎、传染性软疣和乳头瘤病毒引起的病毒感染；（k）口腔毛状白斑；（l）亚急性脑病；（m）挪威疥疮。
