Tal-Or Nurit, Gal-Oz Ayelet
Department of Communication, University of Haifa, Israel.
Int J Psychol. 2019 Feb;54(1):80-87. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12425. Epub 2017 Mar 29.
People commonly want to be perceived as intelligent, as well as be liked by others. Previous research has demonstrated that people who wish to appear intelligent tend to criticise others, and that criticising others indeed leads to the perception of high intelligence. In the current research we hypothesised and found that this is not the case when (a) the criticism is targeted towards the people who form the impression, and (b) the criticism is targeted towards those with whom the people who form the impression have just interacted. In both cases, participants in our study liked evaluators less when they used criticism than when they used praise. Moreover, they perceived the evaluators as less intelligent. We also demonstrated that in cases of mixing praise with criticism, the sequence of the evaluation interacted with the target of the evaluation in influencing liking. We found a greater liking for evaluators whose evaluation changed from negative to positive rather than vice versa, but only when the perceiver was the target of the evaluation. The discussion centres on the potential underlying mechanisms for these results, as well as on the practical applications of the results and directions for future research.
人们通常希望被视为聪明的，同时也希望被他人喜欢。先前的研究表明，希望显得聪明的人往往会批评他人，而且批评他人确实会让人觉得其很聪明。在当前的研究中，我们进行了假设并发现，当（a）批评针对形成印象的人，以及（b）批评针对与形成印象的人刚刚互动过的人时，情况并非如此。在这两种情况下，我们研究中的参与者对使用批评的评价者的喜爱程度低于使用赞扬的评价者。此外，他们认为评价者不那么聪明。我们还证明，在赞扬与批评混合的情况下，评价的顺序与评价的对象在影响喜爱程度方面存在相互作用。我们发现，评价从负面变为正面的评价者比评价从正面变为负面的评价者更受喜爱，但这仅当感知者是评价对象时才成立。讨论集中在这些结果潜在的潜在机制，以及结果的实际应用和未来研究的方向上。
