Pellis Sergio M, Pellis Vivien C
Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
Learn Behav. 2017 Dec;45(4):355-366. doi: 10.3758/s13420-017-0264-3.
Play fighting is a common form of play reported among species of mammals, birds, and some other taxa. The competition present in play fighting revolves around gaining some advantage, such as biting a partner without being bitten. The behavior simulated during play fighting need not be restricted to that present in adult serious fighting, but can involve competitive interactions derived from amicable behavior, such as sex and social grooming, or from nonsocial competition, such as predation. What unifies play fighting, irrespective of the functional behavior being simulated, is that it involves some degree of reciprocity, or turn taking, that requires that the competition be attenuated by cooperation. However, there are several different ways in which cooperation can be inserted into playful interactions, and these vary in use across different species. The moderation of competition with cooperation forces animals to monitor their own actions and those of their partners, and this common feature appears to be one vehicle through which the experience of play fighting in the juvenile period can train animals for greater psychological resilience. The monitoring and contextual adjustment of actions influences the development of executive functions of the brain, which, in turn, leads to the development of more adaptable adults.
打斗游戏是在哺乳动物、鸟类和其他一些分类群中常见的一种游戏形式。打斗游戏中的竞争围绕着获取某种优势展开，比如咬同伴而不被反咬。打斗游戏中模拟的行为不必局限于成年动物严肃打斗时的行为，还可以包括源自友好行为（如性行为和社交梳理）或非社交竞争（如捕食）的竞争性互动。无论模拟的功能行为是什么，统一打斗游戏的是它涉及某种程度的互惠或轮流进行，这要求竞争通过合作来缓和。然而，有几种不同的方式可以将合作融入到游戏互动中，而且这些方式在不同物种中的使用情况有所不同。用合作来缓和竞争迫使动物监控自己和同伴的行为，而这一共同特征似乎是幼年时期的打斗游戏体验能够训练动物提高心理适应力的一种途径。对行为的监控和情境调整会影响大脑执行功能的发展，进而促使更具适应能力的成年个体的发育。
