Brückner Burkhart, Iwer Lukas, Thoma Samuel
Fachbereich Sozialwesen, Hochschule Niederrhein - University of Applied Sciences, Richard-Wagner-Str. 101, 41065, Mönchengladbach, Deutschland.
Sektion phänomenologische Psychopathologie und Psychotherapie, Universität Heidelberg, Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie, Voßstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
NTM. 2017 Mar;25(1):69-98. doi: 10.1007/s00048-017-0164-9.
This article discusses Michel Foucault's main writings on "madness and psychiatry" from his early works up to the 1970s. On the one hand, we reconstruct the overall theoretical and methodological development of his positions over the course of the different periods in his oeuvre. On the other hand, we also take a closer look at Foucault's philosophical considerations regarding the subjects of his investigations. After an initial introduction of our conceptual approach, we draw on the most recent research on Foucault to show to what extent the phenomenological description of the topic at hand and the historical-critical perspective that are reflected in his early writings of 1954 (the Introduction to Binswanger's Dream and Existence and Mental Illness and Personality) laid the ground for his later work. Moving on to Foucault's work during the 1960s, we look at the core features and methodological bases of his 1961 classic Folie et déraison (History of Madness). His propositions regarding the "absence of madness" in modernity are conceptualized as an inherently contradictory attempt to liberate the topic under study from the common assumptions at that time. We then situate his 1973/74 lectures on Psychiatric Power in the context of his shift towards analyzing the dynamics of power and highlight the renewed shift of focus in his statements on the "productivity" of madness as an effect of power. Finally, we sum up our critique by taking into account the history of the reception of Foucault's writings and ask about their potential significance for the contemporary philosophy and history of psychiatry.
本文探讨了米歇尔·福柯从其早期作品到20世纪70年代关于“疯癫与精神病学”的主要著作。一方面，我们重构了他在不同时期作品中立场的整体理论和方法论发展。另一方面，我们也更深入地审视福柯对其研究主题的哲学思考。在初步介绍我们的概念方法后，我们借鉴对福柯的最新研究，以展示在他1954年早期作品（《宾斯万格〈梦与存在〉导言》《精神疾病与人格》）中所体现的对当下主题的现象学描述和历史批判视角在何种程度上为他后期的作品奠定了基础。接着看福柯20世纪60年代的作品，我们审视他1961年的经典著作《疯癫与文明》（《疯癫史》）的核心特征和方法论基础。他关于现代性中“疯癫的缺失”的命题被概念化为一种内在矛盾的尝试，即把所研究的主题从当时的普遍假设中解放出来。然后我们将他1973/74年关于《精神病权力》的讲座置于他向权力动态分析转变的背景下，并强调他在关于疯癫作为权力效应的“生产性”论述中焦点的再次转变。最后，我们通过考虑福柯著作的接受史来总结我们的批判，并探讨它们对当代精神病学哲学和历史的潜在意义。
