Colbach Nathalie, Darmency Henri, Fernier Alice, Granger Sylvie, Le Corre Valérie, Messéan Antoine
Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, 17 rue Sully, F-21065, Dijon, France.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 May;24(14):13121-13135. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8796-9. Epub 2017 Apr 6.
Overreliance on the same herbicide mode of action leads to the spread of resistant weeds, which cancels the advantages of herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. Here, the objective was to quantify, with simulations, the impact of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds on crop production and weed-related wild biodiversity in HT maize-based cropping systems differing in terms of management practices. We (1) simulated current conventional and probable HT cropping systems in two European regions, Aquitaine and Catalonia, with the weed dynamics model FLORSYS; (2) quantified how much the presence of GR weeds contributed to weed impacts on crop production and biodiversity; (3) determined the effect of cultural practices on the impact of GR weeds and (4) identified which species traits most influence weed-impact indicators. The simulation study showed that during the analysed 28 years, the advent of glyphosate resistance had little effect on plant biodiversity. Glyphosate-susceptible populations and species were replaced by GR ones. Including GR weeds only affected functional biodiversity (food offer for birds, bees and carabids) and weed harmfulness when weed effect was initially low; when weed effect was initially high, including GR weeds had little effect. The GR effect also depended on cultural practices, e.g. GR weeds were most detrimental for species equitability when maize was sown late. Species traits most harmful for crop production and most beneficial for biodiversity were identified, using RLQ analyses. None of the species presenting these traits belonged to a family for which glyphosate resistance was reported. An advice table was built; the effects of cultural practices on crop production and biodiversity were synthesized, explained, quantified and ranked, and the optimal choices for each management technique were identified.
过度依赖相同的除草剂作用方式会导致抗除草剂杂草的扩散，从而抵消了耐除草剂（HT）作物的优势。在此，目标是通过模拟量化抗草甘膦（GR）杂草对基于HT玉米的种植系统中作物生产和与杂草相关的野生生物多样性的影响，这些种植系统在管理实践方面存在差异。我们（1）使用杂草动态模型FLORSYS在阿基坦和加泰罗尼亚这两个欧洲地区模拟当前的传统和可能的HT种植系统；（2）量化GR杂草的存在对杂草对作物生产和生物多样性影响的贡献程度；（3）确定栽培措施对GR杂草影响的作用；（4）确定哪些物种特征对杂草影响指标影响最大。模拟研究表明，在分析的28年期间，草甘膦抗性的出现对植物生物多样性影响不大。草甘膦敏感种群和物种被GR种群所取代。仅当杂草影响最初较低时，纳入GR杂草才会影响功能生物多样性（鸟类、蜜蜂和步甲的食物供应）和杂草危害程度；当杂草影响最初较高时，纳入GR杂草影响不大。GR效应还取决于栽培措施，例如玉米晚播时，GR杂草对物种公平性最具不利影响。使用RLQ分析确定了对作物生产最有害且对生物多样性最有益的物种特征。呈现这些特征的物种均不属于已报道有草甘膦抗性的科。构建了一个建议表；综合、解释、量化并排列了栽培措施对作物生产和生物多样性的影响，并确定了每种管理技术的最佳选择。
