Buczek Sean B, Cope W Gregory, McLaughlin Richard A, Kwak Thomas J
Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2017 Oct;36(10):2715-2721. doi: 10.1002/etc.3821. Epub 2017 Jun 23.
Polyacrylamide has become an effective tool for reducing construction-related suspended sediment and turbidity, which are considered to have significant adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems and are a leading cause of the degradation of North American streams and rivers. However, little is known about the effects of polyacrylamide on many freshwater organisms, and prior to the present study, no information existed on the toxicity of polyacrylamide compounds to native freshwater mussels (family Unionidae), one of the most imperiled faunal groups globally. Following standard test guidelines, we exposed juvenile mussels (test duration 96 h) and glochidia larvae (test duration 24 h) to 5 different anionic polyacrylamide compounds and 1 non-ionic compound. Species tested included the yellow lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa), an Atlantic Slope species that is listed as endangered in North Carolina; the Appalachian elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana), a federally endangered Interior Basin species; and the washboard (Megalonaias nervosa), a common Interior Basin species. We found that median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of polyacrylamide ranged from 411.7 to >1000 mg/L for glochidia and from 126.8 to >1000 mg/L for juveniles. All LC50s were orders of magnitude greater (2-3) than concentrations typically recommended for turbidity control (1-5 mg/L), regardless of their molecular weight or charge density. The results demonstrate that the polyacrylamide compounds tested were not acutely toxic to the mussel species and life stages tested, indicating minimal risk of short-term exposure from polyacrylamide applications in the environment. However, other potential uses of polyacrylamide in the environment (e.g., wastewater treatment, paper processing, mining, algae removal) and their chronic or sublethal effects remain uncertain and warrant additional investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2715-2721. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
聚丙烯酰胺已成为减少与施工相关的悬浮泥沙和浊度的有效工具，这些悬浮泥沙和浊度被认为对水生生态系统有重大不利影响，并且是北美溪流和河流退化的主要原因。然而，人们对聚丙烯酰胺对许多淡水生物的影响知之甚少，在本研究之前，也没有关于聚丙烯酰胺化合物对本地淡水贻贝（蚌科）毒性的信息，淡水贻贝是全球最濒危的动物类群之一。按照标准测试指南，我们将幼体贻贝（测试时长96小时）和钩介幼虫（测试时长24小时）暴露于5种不同的阴离子聚丙烯酰胺化合物和1种非离子化合物中。测试的物种包括黄灯蚌（Lampsilis cariosa），一种在北卡罗来纳州被列为濒危物种的大西洋沿岸物种；阿巴拉契亚麋鹿趾蚌（Alasmidonta raveneliana），一种联邦濒危的内陆盆地物种；以及波纹蚌（Megalonaias nervosa），一种常见的内陆盆地物种。我们发现，聚丙烯酰胺对钩介幼虫的半数致死浓度（LC50）范围为411.7至>1000毫克/升，对幼体贻贝的半数致死浓度范围为126.8至>1000毫克/升。所有的半数致死浓度都比通常推荐用于浊度控制的浓度（1 - 5毫克/升）高2至3个数量级，无论其分子量或电荷密度如何。结果表明，所测试的聚丙烯酰胺化合物对测试的贻贝物种和生命阶段没有急性毒性，这表明在环境中应用聚丙烯酰胺造成短期暴露的风险极小。然而，聚丙烯酰胺在环境中的其他潜在用途（如废水处理、造纸加工、采矿、藻类去除）及其慢性或亚致死效应仍不确定，需要进一步研究。《环境毒理学与化学》2017年；36：2715 - 2721。2017年由威利期刊公司代表SETAC出版。本文是美国政府的作品，因此在美国属于公共领域。
