1 Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine.
2 Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University.
Psychol Sci. 2017 Apr;28(4):530-543. doi: 10.1177/0956797616689092. Epub 2017 Feb 1.
Every day, people face snap decisions when time is a limiting factor. In addition, the way a problem is presented can influence people's choices, which creates what are known as framing effects. In this research, we explored how time pressure interacts with framing effects in risky decision making. Specifically, does time pressure strengthen or weaken framing effects? On one hand, research has suggested that framing effects evolve through the deliberation process, growing larger with time. On the other hand, dual-process theory attributes framing effects to an intuitive, emotional system that responds automatically to stimuli. In our experiments, participants made decisions about gambles framed in terms of either gains or losses, and time pressure was manipulated across blocks. Results showed increased framing effects under time pressure in both hypothetical and incentivized choices, which supports the dual-process hypothesis that these effects arise from a fast, intuitive system.
每天，人们在时间有限的情况下都要做出即时决策。此外，问题呈现的方式也会影响人们的选择，从而产生所谓的框架效应。在这项研究中，我们探讨了时间压力如何与风险决策中的框架效应相互作用。具体来说，时间压力是会增强还是削弱框架效应？一方面，研究表明框架效应是通过深思熟虑的过程发展起来的，随着时间的推移会变得更大。另一方面，双重加工理论将框架效应归因于一个直观的、情绪化的系统，它会对刺激自动做出反应。在我们的实验中，参与者根据收益或损失来做出赌博决策，并且在不同的区块中操纵时间压力。结果表明，在假设和激励选择下，时间压力下的框架效应都有所增加，这支持了双重加工理论，即这些效应源于一个快速的、直观的系统。
