Wyszynski Marc, Diederich Adele
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2023 Mar 28;14:1086699. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1086699. eCollection 2023.
We report two studies investigating individual intuitive-deliberative cognitive-styles and risk-styles as moderators of the framing effect in Tversky and Kahneman's famous Unusual Disease problem setting. We examined framing effects in two ways: counting the number of frame-inconsistent choices and comparing the proportions of risky choices depending on gain-loss framing. Moreover, in addition to gain-loss frames, we systematically varied the number of affected people, probabilities of surviving/dying, type of disease, and response deadlines. Study 1 used a psychophysical data collection approach and a sample of 43 undergraduate students, each performing 480 trials. Study 2 was an online study incorporating psychophysical elements in a social science approach using a larger and more heterogeneous sample, i.e., 262 participants performed 80 trials each. In both studies, the effect of framing on risky choice proportions was moderated by risk-styles. Cognitive-styles measured on different scales moderated the framing effect only in study 2. The effects of disease type, probability of surviving/dying, and number of affected people on risky choice frequencies were also affected by cognitive-styles and risk-styles but different for both studies and to different extents. We found no relationship between the number of frame-inconsistent choices and cognitive-styles or risk-styles, respectively.
我们报告了两项研究，调查个体直观-审慎认知风格和风险风格作为特沃斯基和卡尼曼著名的“罕见疾病”问题情境中框架效应的调节因素。我们通过两种方式检验框架效应：计算框架不一致选择的数量，并根据得失框架比较风险选择的比例。此外，除了得失框架外，我们还系统地改变了受影响人数、存活/死亡概率、疾病类型和响应期限。研究1采用心理物理学数据收集方法，样本为43名本科生，每人进行480次试验。研究2是一项在线研究，采用社会科学方法并纳入心理物理学元素，样本更大且更具异质性，即262名参与者每人进行80次试验。在两项研究中，框架对风险选择比例的影响均受到风险风格的调节。在不同量表上测量的认知风格仅在研究2中调节了框架效应。疾病类型、存活/死亡概率和受影响人数对风险选择频率的影响也受到认知风格和风险风格的影响，但两项研究不同且程度各异。我们分别发现框架不一致选择的数量与认知风格或风险风格之间没有关系。
