Macel Mirka, Dostálek Tomáš, Esch Sonja, Bucharová Anna, van Dam Nicole M, Tielbörger Katja, Verhoeven Koen J F, Münzbergová Zuzana
Plant Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
Molecular Interaction Ecology, Department of Plant Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Oecologia. 2017 Jun;184(2):543-554. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3864-x. Epub 2017 Apr 13.
To understand the biological effects of climate change, it is essential to take into account species' evolutionary responses to their changing environments. Ongoing climate change is resulting in species shifting their geographical distribution ranges poleward. We tested whether a successful range expanding plant has rapidly adapted to the regional conditions in its novel range, and whether adaptation could be driven by herbivores. Furthermore, we investigated if enemy release occurred in the newly colonized areas and whether plant origins differed in herbivore resistance. Plants were cloned and reciprocally transplanted between three experimental sites across the range. Effects of herbivores on plant performance were tested by individually caging plants with either open or closed cages. There was no indication of (regional) adaptation to abiotic conditions. Plants originating from the novel range were always larger than plants from the core distribution at all experimental sites, with or without herbivory. Herbivore damage was highest and not lowest at the experimental sites in the novel range, suggesting no release from enemy impact. Genotypes from the core were more damaged compared to genotypes from newly colonized areas at the most northern site in the novel range, which was dominated by generalist slug herbivory. We also detected subtle shifts in chemical defenses between the plant origins. Genotypes from the novel range had more inducible defenses. Our results suggest that plants that are expanding their range with climate change may evolve increased vigor and altered herbivore resistance in their new range, analogous to invasive plants.
为了解气候变化的生物学效应，必须考虑物种对其不断变化的环境的进化反应。持续的气候变化导致物种将其地理分布范围向极地转移。我们测试了一种成功扩展分布范围的植物是否迅速适应了其新分布范围内的区域条件，以及适应是否可能由食草动物驱动。此外，我们调查了在新殖民地区是否发生了天敌释放，以及植物来源在食草动物抗性方面是否存在差异。将植物克隆并在整个分布范围内的三个实验地点进行相互移栽。通过用开放或封闭笼子单独圈养植物来测试食草动物对植物性能的影响。没有迹象表明（区域）对非生物条件的适应。在所有实验地点，无论有无食草动物，来自新分布范围的植物总是比来自核心分布区的植物更大。在新分布范围的实验地点，食草动物造成的损害最高而不是最低，这表明没有从天敌影响中解脱出来。在新分布范围最北部的地点，核心区域的基因型比新殖民地区的基因型受到的损害更大，该地点以多食性蛞蝓食草为主。我们还检测到植物来源之间化学防御的细微变化。来自新分布范围的基因型具有更多的诱导性防御。我们的结果表明，随着气候变化而扩大分布范围的植物可能会在其新范围内进化出更强的活力和改变的食草动物抗性，类似于入侵植物。
