Enhancing Lifetime and Efficiency of Organic Solar Cell by Applying an In Situ Synthesized Low-Crystalline ZnO Layer.

By introducing an in situ synthesized low-crystalline ZnO (LC-ZnO) (amorphous) layer between the cathode and the active layer of PCPDTBT:CdSe solar cell {PCPDTBT: poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]}, the device keeps more than 80 and 40 % of its initial lifetime after 180 and 360 days without any encapsulation, respectively. In this regard, 180 days is the highest lifetime achieved for polymer-based solar cells with direct configuration. In addition, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved up to 70 % in the presence of the LC-ZnO interfacial layer. The LC-ZnO layer is synthesized during polymer annealing after solution-deposition of the precursor at a low temperature (140 °C) and a short time. Highly crystalline ZnO (HC-ZnO) nanoparticles are also synthesized and applied as an interfacial layer. The results show that the LC-ZnO is superior to the HC-ZnO in acting as cathode interfacial layer and moisture scavenger because of the high coverage and surface area provided by the in situ synthesis method.