Hoberg E P, Cook J A, Agosta S J, Boeger W, Galbreath K E, Laaksonen S, Kutz S J, Brooks D R
Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory,Beltsville Research Center,Agricultural Research Service,USDA,BARC East 1180,Beltsville,Maryland,USA.
Museum of Southwestern Biology and Biology Department,University of New Mexico,Albuquerque,New Mexico,USA.
J Helminthol. 2017 Jul;91(4):409-421. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X17000347. Epub 2017 Apr 17.
Climate oscillations and episodic processes interact with evolution, ecology and biogeography to determine the structure and complex mosaic that is the biosphere. Parasites and parasite-host assemblages are key components in a general explanatory paradigm for global biodiversity. We explore faunal assembly in the context of Quaternary time frames of the past 2.6 million years, a period dominated by episodic shifts in climate. Climate drivers cross a continuum from geological to contemporary timescales and serve to determine the structure and distribution of complex biotas. Cycles within cycles are apparent, with drivers that are layered, multifactorial and complex. These cycles influence the dynamics and duration of shifts in environmental structure on varying temporal and spatial scales. An understanding of the dynamics of high-latitude systems, the history of the Beringian nexus (the intermittent land connection linking Eurasia and North America) and downstream patterns of diversity depend on teasing apart the complexity of biotic assembly and persistence. Although climate oscillations have dominated the Quaternary, contemporary dynamics are driven by tipping points and shifting balances emerging from anthropogenic forces that are disrupting ecological structure. Climate change driven by anthropogenic forcing has supplanted a history of episodic variation and is eliminating ecological barriers and constraints on development and distribution for pathogen transmission. A framework to explore interactions of episodic processes on faunal structure and assembly is the Stockholm Paradigm, which appropriately shifts the focus from cospeciation to complexity and contingency in explanations of diversity.
气候振荡和偶发过程与进化、生态和生物地理学相互作用，以确定构成生物圈的结构和复杂镶嵌体。寄生虫和寄生虫 - 宿主组合是全球生物多样性一般解释范式的关键组成部分。我们在过去260万年的第四纪时间框架背景下探讨动物区系的形成，这一时期以气候的偶发变化为主导。气候驱动因素跨越从地质到当代的连续时间尺度，并决定复杂生物群的结构和分布。循环套循环很明显，驱动因素是分层的、多因素的和复杂的。这些循环在不同的时间和空间尺度上影响环境结构变化的动态和持续时间。理解高纬度系统的动态、白令海峡连接带（连接欧亚大陆和北美的间歇性陆地连接）的历史以及下游的多样性模式，取决于梳理生物群落形成和存续的复杂性。尽管气候振荡在第四纪占主导地位，但当代动态是由人为力量引发的临界点和平衡转移驱动的，这些力量正在破坏生态结构。人为强迫导致的气候变化已经取代了偶发变化的历史，并正在消除病原体传播发展和分布的生态障碍和限制。探索偶发过程对动物区系结构和形成的相互作用的一个框架是斯德哥尔摩范式，该范式在解释多样性时将重点从共同物种形成适当地转移到复杂性和偶然性上。
