Rousseau Jean-Philippe, Tenorio-Lopes Luana, Baldy Cécile, Janes Tara Adele, Fournier Stéphanie, Kinkead Richard
Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2017 Nov;245:105-121. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.03.013. Epub 2017 Apr 14.
The environment plays a critical role in shaping development and function of the brain. Stress, especially when experienced early in life, can interfere with these processes. In the context of respiratory control, perinatal stress can therefore alter the ability to achieve the "fine-tuning" necessary for proper detection of chemosensory stimuli and production of an adequate motor (respiratory) command. Depending on the timing, intensity, and duration, the detrimental consequences of perinatal exposure to adverse conditions on the respiratory network become manifest at various life stages and can persist into adulthood. During early life, respiratory diseases commonly associated with dysfunction of neural networks include apnea of prematurity (AOP) and cardio-respiratory failure leading to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) can occur at various life stages, including adulthood. Regardless of age, a common element of these disorders is their greater prevalence in males. While this sexual dimorphism points to a potential role of sex hormones, our understanding of the neuroendocrine mechanisms remain poorly understood. In addition to their modulatory influence on breathing, gonadal hormones regulate sexual differentiation of the brain. Stress alters these effects, and over the years our laboratory has used various perinatal stress protocols to gain insight into the origins of sex-based differences in respiratory disorders. This review discusses our recent advances with a focus on the sex-specific impact of early life stress on O-chemoreflex function both in newborn and adult rats. We conclude by discussing the basic principles emerging from this work, potential mechanisms, and clinical relevance.
环境在塑造大脑的发育和功能方面起着关键作用。压力，尤其是在生命早期经历的压力，会干扰这些过程。因此，在呼吸控制的背景下，围产期压力会改变对化学感觉刺激进行适当检测和产生足够的运动（呼吸）指令所需的“微调”能力。根据时间、强度和持续时间的不同，围产期暴露于不利条件对呼吸网络产生的有害后果会在不同生命阶段显现出来，并可能持续到成年期。在生命早期，通常与神经网络功能障碍相关的呼吸系统疾病包括早产儿呼吸暂停（AOP）和导致婴儿猝死综合征（SIDS）的心肺衰竭。睡眠呼吸紊乱（SDB）可发生在包括成年期在内的各个生命阶段。无论年龄大小，这些疾病的一个共同特点是在男性中更为普遍。虽然这种性别差异表明性激素可能发挥作用，但我们对神经内分泌机制的了解仍然很少。除了对呼吸有调节作用外，性腺激素还调节大脑的性别分化。压力会改变这些作用，多年来我们实验室使用了各种围产期应激方案，以深入了解呼吸系统疾病中基于性别的差异的起源。这篇综述讨论了我们最近的进展，重点是生命早期应激对新生大鼠和成年大鼠O-化学反射功能的性别特异性影响。我们通过讨论这项工作中出现的基本原则、潜在机制和临床相关性来得出结论。
