Blanchard D Caroline
Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 May;76(Pt A):22-28. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.001.
Specific defensive behaviors of rodents are shaped by features of the eliciting threat stimuli and situation. Threat scenarios confirmed these relationships in people, with results substantially replicated in 4 additional scenario studies. Subsequent human studies involve computer games measuring fear as flight from threat stimuli and anxiety as alternation between two threats. Stabilometric studies have shown reduction in sway (freezing) to inescapable (e.g. with gun pointed at subject) threatening photographs; but enhanced lateral sway (flight attempts) to escapable threats; (gun pointed away from subject). Relationships between threat ambiguity, risk assessment, and anxiety have been validated by identification of videos of facial expressions to ambiguous threats, as anxiety; and systematic biases toward threat stimuli by anxious individuals. Enhanced rumination, interpretable as unsuccessful risk assessment, is a dynamic component of both anxiety and depression, particularly in women. While there is less experimental work on defensive threat/attack, a transdiagnostic "Fear of Harm" phenotype of aggression associated with fear suggests that this is a component of pathological as well as normal human defensive behavior.
啮齿动物的特定防御行为受引发威胁刺激的特征和情境的影响。威胁场景在人类中证实了这些关系，结果在另外4项场景研究中得到了实质性的重复。随后的人体研究涉及电脑游戏，其中将逃离威胁刺激时的恐惧测量为飞行，将面对两种威胁时的交替测量为焦虑。稳定测量研究表明，面对无法逃避的（如枪口对准受试者）威胁性照片时，摇摆（僵住）会减少；但面对可逃避的威胁（枪口远离受试者）时，横向摇摆（逃跑尝试）会增强。通过识别对模糊威胁的面部表情视频来验证威胁模糊性、风险评估和焦虑之间的关系，将其视为焦虑；以及焦虑个体对威胁刺激的系统性偏差。增强的沉思，可解释为不成功的风险评估，是焦虑和抑郁的动态组成部分，尤其是在女性中。虽然关于防御性威胁/攻击的实验工作较少，但与恐惧相关的攻击性的跨诊断“害怕伤害”表型表明，这是病理性以及正常人类防御行为的一个组成部分。
