Busardò Francesco P, Pellegrini Manuela, Klein Julia, di Luca Natale M
Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, V.le Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy.
National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161,Rome, Italy.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2017;16(5):534-540. doi: 10.2174/1871527316666170424115455.
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis and is frequently identified in blood samples from apprehended drivers suspected for driving under the influence of drugs. Changing social norms towards cannabis and higher acceptability towards the drug emphasize the need for in-depth understanding of the acute neurocognitive and psychomotor effects caused by cannabis and how these effects are correlated to driving skills and performance.
In this review, PubMed, Cochrane Central, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were used to identify and select publications up to January 2017 dealing with acute and chronic neurocognitive effects induced by cannabis and ability to drive. Thirty-six publications were selected for this review. The studies conducted were experimental, using simulators or on-road studies and brain imaging (structural and functional) to better understand the acute and chronic effects on cognitive functions comprised in the short and long-term fitness to drive after cannabis consumption.
In a case-crossover self-report study a significant odds ratio increase was found for driving- related injury after combined exposure to cannabis and alcohol compared to cannabis alone (OR of 10.9 and 5.8 respectively). Both, experimental and epidemiological studies have revealed that THC affects negatively both, psychomotor skills and cognitive functions. Studies of the acute effects of cannabis on driving have shown that drivers under the influence of this substance are impaired. Indeed, driving under the influence of cannabis doubles or triples the risk of a crash. Specifically, cannabis use impairs critical-tracking tasks, increases lane weaving, decreases reaction time, and divided attention.
δ-9-四氢大麻酚（THC）是大麻中的主要精神活性成分，在涉嫌药物影响下驾驶而被逮捕的司机的血液样本中经常被检测到。社会对大麻的规范变化以及对该药物更高的接受度强调了深入了解大麻引起的急性神经认知和心理运动效应，以及这些效应如何与驾驶技能和表现相关联的必要性。
在本综述中，使用了PubMed、Cochrane Central、Scopus、Web of Science、Science Direct、EMBASE和谷歌学术数据库来识别和选择截至2017年1月的有关大麻引起的急性和慢性神经认知效应以及驾驶能力的出版物。本综述选择了36篇出版物。所进行的研究为实验性研究，使用模拟器或道路研究以及脑成像（结构和功能），以更好地了解大麻消费后对短期和长期驾驶适宜性中所包含的认知功能的急性和慢性影响。
在一项病例交叉自我报告研究中，发现与单独使用大麻相比，同时接触大麻和酒精后与驾驶相关的伤害的优势比显著增加（分别为10.9和5.8）。实验性研究和流行病学研究均表明，THC对心理运动技能和认知功能均有负面影响。关于大麻对驾驶急性影响的研究表明，受这种物质影响的司机能力受损。事实上，在大麻影响下驾驶会使撞车风险增加一倍或两倍。具体而言，使用大麻会损害关键追踪任务、增加车道偏离、缩短反应时间并分散注意力。
