Peacock Amy, Mattick Richard P, Bruno Raimondo
aNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia bSchool of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;30(4):253-259. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000333.
To provide a narrative synthesis of recently published studies on caffeine use as a risk or protective factor for health outcomes, with a focus on women's health and pregnancy.
Based on predominantly observational studies, moderate caffeine intake has been shown to be a protective factor for liver cancer, certain bowel conditions, colorectal cancer, skin cancer, and regular menstrual cycle function. However, heavy consumption is a risk factor for osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, and poorer birth and child developmental outcomes. Residual confounding and issues surrounding retrospective self-reported intake are cited as key limitations in the majority of these studies. Moderate caffeine intake has been associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome; however, recent genetic epidemiology studies provide no evidence for a causal relationship.
Greater inclusion of female participants in studies, and analysis of sex differences in the relationship between caffeine intake and certain health conditions, is necessary. The current literature suggests caffeine's role as a risk or protective factor differs across health conditions. Often, there are plausible biological mechanisms for this relationship. However, a continued precautionary stance is recommended until direct causal pathways are established. Review of recently published studies does not suggest that current intake guidelines for adults and for pregnant woman need to be modified.
对近期发表的关于咖啡因作为健康结果的风险或保护因素的研究进行叙述性综合分析，重点关注女性健康和妊娠。
基于主要的观察性研究，适量摄入咖啡因已被证明是肝癌、某些肠道疾病、结直肠癌、皮肤癌和规律月经周期功能的保护因素。然而，大量摄入是骨质疏松症、尿失禁以及较差的出生和儿童发育结局的风险因素。在大多数这些研究中，残余混杂因素以及围绕回顾性自我报告摄入量的问题被视为关键局限性。适量摄入咖啡因与较低的心血管疾病和代谢综合征风险相关；然而，近期的遗传流行病学研究并未提供因果关系的证据。
有必要在研究中更多地纳入女性参与者，并分析咖啡因摄入量与某些健康状况之间关系的性别差异。当前文献表明，咖啡因作为风险或保护因素的作用因健康状况而异。通常，这种关系存在合理的生物学机制。然而，在建立直接因果途径之前，建议继续采取预防措施。对近期发表研究的综述并未表明需要修改当前的成人及孕妇摄入量指南。
