Indole Derivatives Produced by the Metagenome Genes of the Escherichia coli-Harboring Marine Sponge Discodermia calyx.

Three indole derivatives, a novel benzoxazine-indole hybrid () and two known indole trimers (, ), were isolated from the metagenomic library of the marine sponge based on functional screening. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison of their NMR data to that of known compounds. The antibacterial assay indicated that only compound displayed significant antibacterial activity against , with approximately 20 mm diameter growth inhibition at 10 µg/paper. HPLC analyses revealed that compound is a newly induced metabolite, and the concentration of was obviously enhanced in contrast to negative control, while was not detected, allowing us to predict that the formation of might be induced by exogenous genes derived from the sponge metagenome, whereas compound could be formed through a non-enzymatic process during the isolation procedure.