Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Canada.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017 Jul;46:71-85. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 Apr 22.
Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on brain health. However, a large amount of variation exists in its efficacy. Sex of participants and exercise type are two possible factors contributing to this variation. To better understand this, we conducted a concurrent systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitively healthy older adults. Executive functions, episodic memory, visuospatial function, word fluency, processing speed and global cognitive function were examined for exercise- and sex-dependent effects. For executive functions, three types of exercise interventions - aerobic training, resistance training, and multimodal training (i.e., both aerobic and resistance training) - were associated with larger effect sizes in studies comprised of a higher percentage of women compared to studies with a lower percentage of women. This suggests that women's executive processes may benefit more from exercise than men. Regardless of sex, compared to control, all three exercise training approaches enhanced visuospatial function, but only multimodal training enhanced episodic memory. Overall, aerobic training led to greater benefits than resistance training in global cognitive function and executive functions, while multimodal combined training led to greater benefits than aerobic training for global cognitive function, episodic memory, and word fluency. Possible underlying mechanisms, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sex steroid hormones, are discussed.
运动是一种非药物策略，可以减轻衰老对大脑健康的有害影响。然而，其疗效存在很大差异。参与者的性别和运动类型是导致这种差异的两个可能因素。为了更好地理解这一点，我们对认知健康的老年人进行了同时进行的系统评价和荟萃分析。检查了执行功能、情景记忆、视空间功能、词汇流畅性、处理速度和整体认知功能，以研究运动和性别依赖性的影响。对于执行功能，三种类型的运动干预——有氧运动、抗阻运动和多模态训练（即有氧运动和抗阻运动的结合）——在女性比例较高的研究中与较大的效应量相关，而在女性比例较低的研究中则没有。这表明女性的执行过程可能比男性更能从运动中受益。无论性别如何，与对照组相比，所有三种运动训练方法都能增强视空间功能，但只有多模态训练能增强情景记忆。总的来说，与抗阻训练相比，有氧运动在整体认知功能和执行功能方面的获益更大，而多模态联合训练在整体认知功能、情景记忆和词汇流畅性方面的获益大于有氧运动。讨论了可能的潜在机制，包括脑源性神经营养因子和性激素。
