a Department of Psychology , University of Toledo.
b The Danielsen Institute , Boston University.
J Pers Assess. 2018 May-Jun;100(3):233-249. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2017.1306781. Epub 2017 Apr 27.
Recently, psychologists have emphasized the response process-that is, the psychological operations and behaviors that lead to test scores-when designing psychological tests, interpreting their results, and refining their validity. To illustrate the centrality of the response process in construct validity and test interpretation, we provide a historical, conceptual, and empirical review of the main uses of the background white space of the Rorschach cards, called space reversal (SR) and space integration (SI) in the Rorschach Performance Assessment System. We show how SR and SI's unique response processes result in different interpretations, and that reviewing their literatures with these distinct interpretations in mind produces the expected patterns of convergent and discriminant validity. That is, SR was uniquely related to measures of oppositionality; SI was uniquely related to measures of cognitive complexity; and both SR and SI were related to measures of creativity. Our review further suggests that the Comprehensive System use of a single space code for all uses of white space likely led to its lack of meta-analytic support as a measure of oppositionality (Mihura, Meyer, Dumitrascu, & Bombel, 2013 ). We close by discussing the use of the response process to improve test interpretation, develop better measures, and advance the design of research.
最近，心理学家在设计心理测试、解释测试结果和完善其有效性时，强调了反应过程，即导致测试分数的心理操作和行为。为了说明反应过程在结构有效性和测试解释中的核心地位，我们提供了罗夏克卡片背景空白的主要用途（称为空间反转[SR]和空间整合[SI]）的历史、概念和实证回顾，这是罗夏克绩效评估系统中的一种用途。我们展示了 SR 和 SI 的独特反应过程如何导致不同的解释，并且考虑到这些独特的解释来回顾它们的文献，会产生预期的收敛和区分有效性模式。也就是说，SR 与对立性的衡量指标有独特的关系；SI 与认知复杂性的衡量指标有独特的关系；而 SR 和 SI 都与创造力的衡量指标有独特的关系。我们的综述进一步表明，综合系统对所有白色空间使用单一空间代码的使用可能导致其缺乏对立性衡量指标的元分析支持（Mihura、Meyer、Dumitrascu 和 Bombel，2013 年）。最后，我们讨论了使用反应过程来改善测试解释、开发更好的衡量指标和推进研究设计的问题。
