Maciuszek Józef, Polczyk Romuald
Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
PLoS One. 2017 Apr 27;12(4):e0176452. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176452. eCollection 2017.
In this article we demonstrate that negation of ideas can have paradoxical effects, possibly leading the listener to believe that the negated ideas actually existed. In Experiment 1, participants listened to a description of a house, in which some objects were mentioned, some were negated, and some were not mentioned at all. When questioned about the existence of these objects a week later, the participants gave more false positives for items that were negated in the original material than for items that were not mentioned at all, an effect we call negation related false memories (NRFM). The NRFM effect was replicated again in Experiment 2 with a sample of five and six year-old children. Experiment 3 confirmed NRFM in the case of negated actions. The results are discussed in terms of retention hypothesis, as well as the theory that negation can activate a representation of an entity and behaviour. It is also indicated that future research is needed to ensure that it is indeed negation which caused false alarms, not merely mentioning an object.
在本文中，我们证明了对想法的否定可能会产生矛盾的效果，这可能会导致听众相信被否定的想法实际上是存在的。在实验1中，参与者听了一段关于一所房子的描述，其中提到了一些物品，一些被否定了，还有一些根本没有被提及。一周后，当被问及这些物品的存在时，参与者对原始材料中被否定的物品给出的误报比那些根本没有被提及的物品更多，我们将这种效应称为否定相关错误记忆（NRFM）。在实验2中，以五、六岁儿童为样本再次复制了NRFM效应。实验3证实了在否定行为的情况下存在NRFM。我们从记忆保持假设以及否定可以激活实体和行为表征的理论方面对结果进行了讨论。研究还表明，需要进一步的研究以确保确实是否定导致了误报，而不仅仅是提及某个物体。
