Orenes Isabel, Santamaría Carlos
Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2014 Nov;153:107-12. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.09.013. Epub 2014 Oct 30.
Many studies have shown the advantage of processing visualizable words over non-visualizables due to the associated image code. The present paper reports the case of negation in which imagery could slow down processing. Negation reverses the truth value of a proposition from false to true or vice versa. Consequently, negation works only on propositions (reversing their truth value) and cannot apply directly to other forms of knowledge representation such as images (although they can be veridical or not). This leads to a paradoxical hypothesis: despite the advantage of visualizable words for general processing, the negation of clauses containing words related to the representation of an image would be more difficult than negation containing non-visualizable words. Two experiments support this hypothesis by showing that sentences with a previously negated visualizable word took longer to be read than sentences with previously negated non-visualizable words. The results suggest that a verbal code is used to process negation.
许多研究表明，由于相关的图像代码，可视觉化的单词在处理上比不可视觉化的单词具有优势。本文报告了否定的情况，其中意象可能会减缓处理速度。否定会将命题的真值从假变为真，反之亦然。因此，否定仅作用于命题（颠倒其真值），不能直接应用于其他形式的知识表示，如图像（尽管它们可能是真实的或不真实的）。这导致了一个自相矛盾的假设：尽管可视觉化的单词在一般处理上具有优势，但包含与图像表示相关的单词的子句的否定比包含不可视觉化单词的否定更困难。两项实验支持了这一假设，表明带有先前否定的可视觉化单词的句子比带有先前否定的不可视觉化单词的句子阅读时间更长。结果表明，使用言语代码来处理否定。
