Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Nov 15;598:538-552. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.270. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
Fifty-seven control points of waters (sinking streams, rivers in caves, and resurgences) hosted in gypsum karst areas in Emilia Romagna region (N-Italy) were sampled in the framework of a Project LIFE+08NAT/IT/000369 "Gypsum" in the period 2010-2014. The microbiology and chemistry of these waters have been analyzed to evaluate the impact of human activities or natural factors, in the gypsum karst systems. Waters have been analyzed for major chemistry (Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO, HCO, Cl, NO) and some minor constituents (F, Br, NH and PO), measuring pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and temperature (T) in situ. The same samples have been analyzed with traditional microbiology techniques focused on total microbial count and on fecal microbiota, as index of human and/or animal contamination, and molecular biology techniques (sequencing of 16S rRNA segment and PCR-DGGE), focused on the characterization of microbial populations in the different sampling sites and determination of their variations and/or changes during the five years of the project. As expected, waters tend to be increasingly mineralized from sinking streams to resurgences, with only local and temporarily high contents in nitrates and ammonium, often related to the presence of bat colonies. PCR-DGGE revealed ecological changes, in terms of microbial populations present in the bulk water samples, in different sampling sites within the same cave. Although the impact of fecal microorganisms only rarely exceeded 2 log UFC/ml, the results evidenced fluctuations of these microorganisms mainly correlated to the season and to the biological activity of bats.
在 LIFE+08NAT/IT/000369“石膏”项目框架内，2010 年至 2014 年期间，在艾米利亚-罗马涅地区（意大利北部）的石膏喀斯特地区采集了 57 个控制点的水样（下沉溪流、洞穴中的河流和涌泉）。分析了这些水的微生物学和化学性质，以评估人类活动或自然因素对石膏喀斯特系统的影响。对水样进行了主要化学成分（Ca、Mg、Na、K、SO、HCO、Cl、NO）和一些次要成分（F、Br、NH 和 PO）的分析，现场测量 pH 值、电导率（EC）、总溶解固体（TDS）和温度（T）。对同一批样本进行了传统微生物学技术分析，重点是总微生物计数和粪便微生物群，作为人类和/或动物污染的指标，以及分子生物学技术（16S rRNA 片段测序和 PCR-DGGE），重点是不同采样点的微生物种群特征及其在五年项目期间的变化和/或变化。正如预期的那样，水样从下沉溪流到涌泉逐渐矿化，只有硝酸盐和铵盐含量在局部和暂时较高，这通常与蝙蝠群的存在有关。PCR-DGGE 揭示了微生物种群的生态变化，即在同一洞穴的不同采样点存在的微生物种群。尽管粪便微生物的影响很少超过 2 个对数 UFC/ml，但结果表明这些微生物主要与季节和蝙蝠的生物活性有关而波动。
