Villa Federica, Cappitelli Francesca, Cortesi Paolo, Kunova Andrea
Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy.
Front Microbiol. 2017 Apr 13;8:654. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00654. eCollection 2017.
The global food supply has been facing increasing challenges during the first decades of the 21 century. Disease in plants is an important constraint to worldwide crop production, accounting for 20-40% of its annual harvest loss. Although the use of resistant varieties, good water management and agronomic practices are valid management tools in counteracting plant diseases, there are still many pathosystems where fungicides are widely used for disease management. However, restrictive regulations and increasing concern regarding the risk to human health and the environment, along with the incidence of fungicide resistance, have discouraged their use and have prompted for a search for new efficient, ecologically friendly and sustainable disease management strategies. The recent evidence of biofilm formation by fungal phytopathogens provides the scientific framework for designing and adapting methods and concepts developed by biofilm research that could be integrated in IPM practices. In this perspective paper, we provide evidence to support the view that the biofilm lifestyle plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of plant diseases. We describe the main factors limiting the durability of single-site fungicides, and we assemble the current knowledge on pesticide resistance in the specific context of the biofilm lifestyle. Finally, we illustrate the potential of antibiofilm compounds at sub-lethal concentrations for the development of an innovative, eco-sustainable strategy to counteract phytopathogenic fungi. Such fungicide-free solutions will be instrumental in reducing disease severity, and will permit more prudent use of fungicides decreasing thus the selection of resistant forms and safeguarding the environment.
在21世纪的头几十年里,全球粮食供应面临着越来越多的挑战。植物病害是全球作物生产的一个重要制约因素,占其年收获损失的20%-40%。尽管使用抗性品种、良好的水分管理和农艺措施是对抗植物病害的有效管理手段,但在许多病原体系中,杀菌剂仍被广泛用于病害管理。然而,严格的法规以及对人类健康和环境风险的日益关注,再加上杀菌剂抗性的出现,使得人们不再愿意使用杀菌剂,并促使人们寻找新的高效、生态友好和可持续的病害管理策略。真菌植物病原体形成生物膜的最新证据为设计和应用生物膜研究中开发的方法和概念提供了科学框架,这些方法和概念可整合到综合植保措施中。在这篇观点论文中,我们提供证据支持生物膜生活方式在植物病害发病机制中起关键作用这一观点。我们描述了限制单作用位点杀菌剂持久性的主要因素,并在生物膜生活方式的特定背景下汇总了当前关于抗药性的知识。最后,我们阐述了亚致死浓度下抗生物膜化合物在开发创新的、生态可持续的策略以对抗植物病原真菌方面的潜力。这种无杀菌剂的解决方案将有助于降低病害严重程度,并允许更谨慎地使用杀菌剂,从而减少抗性形式的选择并保护环境。