Varona Marcela E, Díaz Sonia M, Briceño Leonardo, Sánchez-Infante Clara I, Torres Carlos H, Palma Ruth M, Groot Helena, Idrovo Alvaro J
Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia,
Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia,
Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2016 Aug;18(4):617-629. doi: 10.15446/rsap.v18n4.52617.
Objective Large quantities of pesticides are used in rice crops. The aim of this study is to characterize how farmers are exposed to pesticides and subsequent poisoning. Materials and Methods A multilevel (individual and community) multi-method study, which included ethnographic and survey methods, as well as measurement of pesticides in water and human samples, was performed. Results The production process is described and the main risk factors are presented. Pesticides are considered the greatest danger at work and at their homes. Workers have poor working conditions and are not protected by the system of occupational risks. Azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, β-BHC, bromophos-methyl, bromophos-ethyl and 2,4- DDT were found in water samples. The survey included 381 workers with mild (12.86 %), moderate (67.98 %) and severe (5.51 %) poisonings respectively. Severe cases presented lower levels of education, lower levels of health care access to the contributory regimen of the Colombian social security system and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, herpes or other viral infections. Conclusion There are precarious working conditions that favor exposure to pesticides correlated to the exclusion of farmers from the occupational risk system, to poverty and to poor education. It is urgent to include these workers to the system of occupational risk system and to improve their living conditions, thus reducing unsafe practices when handling pesticides.
目的 水稻种植中使用了大量农药。本研究旨在描述农民接触农药的方式以及随后的中毒情况。材料与方法 开展了一项多层次（个体和社区）多方法研究，包括人种志和调查方法，以及对水和人体样本中的农药进行测量。结果 描述了生产过程并列出了主要风险因素。农药被认为是工作场所和家中的最大危险。工人的工作条件差，且未受到职业风险体系的保护。在水样中发现了谷硫磷、硫丹、β-六六六、甲基溴磷、乙基溴磷和2,4-滴滴涕。该调查包括381名工人，分别有轻度中毒（12.86%）、中度中毒（67.98%）和重度中毒（5.51%）。重度中毒病例的教育程度较低，享受哥伦比亚社会保障体系缴费型医保的机会较少，心血管疾病、糖尿病、疱疹或其他病毒感染的发病率较高。结论 存在不稳定的工作条件，这有利于接触农药，这与农民被排除在职业风险体系之外、贫困和教育程度低有关。迫切需要将这些工人纳入职业风险体系，并改善他们的生活条件，从而减少处理农药时的不安全做法。
