Have we finally solve the enigma of the small size of Pygmies?

Pygmies are considered to be among the smallest humans. Their small size is an enigma that has puzzled numerous scientists. Many data have been collected concerning their clinical and biological phenotypes, genetics, lifestyle, culture and environment, but the reasons for their small size remain a matter of debate. Is it an adaptation to life in the tropical forest, an impact of the environment, an usual genetic feature or a mixture of these factors? Studies of the somatotropic axis have revealed that serum IGF-1 concentrations are low in this population, probably due to an impairment of the GH receptor. However, many uncertainties remain, and further hormonal, genetic and epigenetic studies will be required in the framework of multidisciplinary studies.