a Department of Psychology , University of Windsor , Windsor , Canada.
b Private Practice , Toronto , Canada.
Psychother Res. 2019 Feb;29(2):171-185. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2017.1315779. Epub 2017 May 4.
Pascual-Leone and Greenberg's sequential model of emotional processing has been used to explore process in over 24 studies. This line of research shows emotional processing in good psychotherapy often follows a sequential order, supporting a saw-toothed pattern of change within individual sessions (progressing "2-steps-forward, 1-step-back"). However, one cannot assume that local in-session patterns are scalable across an entire course of therapy. Thus, the primary objective of this exploratory study was to consider how the sequential patterns identified by Pascual-Leone, may apply across entire courses of treatment.
Intensive emotion coding in two separate single-case designs were submitted for quantitative analyses of longitudinal patterns. Comprehensive coding in these cases involved recording observations for every emotional event in an entire course of treatment (using the Classification of Affective-Meaning States), which were then treated as a 9-point ordinal scale.
Applying multilevel modeling to each of the two cases showed significant patterns of change over a large number of sessions, and those patterns were either nested at the within-session level or observed at the broader session-by-session level of change.
Examining successful treatment cases showed several theoretically coherent kinds of temporal patterns, although not always in the same case. Clinical or methodological significance of this article: This is the first paper to demonstrate systematic temporal patterns of emotion over the course of an entire treatment. (1) The study offers a proof of concept that longitudinal patterns in the micro-processes of emotion can be objectively derived and quantified. (2) It also shows that patterns in emotion may be identified on the within-session level, as well as the session-by-session level of analysis. (3) Finally, observed processes over time support the ordered pattern of emotional states hypothesized in Pascual-Leone and Greenberg's (2007) model of emotional processing.
帕斯卡尔-莱昂和格林伯格的情绪处理序列模型已被用于探索超过 24 项研究中的过程。这条研究线表明，良好的心理治疗中的情绪处理通常遵循一个序列顺序，在单个疗程内支持锯齿形的变化模式（“前进两步，后退一步”）。然而，人们不能假设局部疗程内的模式可以跨整个治疗过程扩展。因此，这项探索性研究的主要目的是考虑帕斯卡尔-莱昂确定的序列模式如何适用于整个治疗过程。
对两个单独的单案例设计进行密集的情绪编码，以便对纵向模式进行定量分析。在这些案例中，全面的编码包括记录整个治疗过程中每一个情绪事件的观察结果（使用情感意义状态分类），然后将这些观察结果视为 9 点有序量表。
对每个案例应用多层建模表明，在大量疗程中有显著的变化模式，这些模式要么嵌套在疗程内水平，要么在更广泛的疗程间变化水平上观察到。
对成功治疗案例的检查显示出了几种理论上一致的时间模式，尽管并非总是在同一个案例中。本文的临床或方法学意义：这是第一篇证明整个治疗过程中情绪的系统时间模式的论文。（1）该研究提供了一个概念证明，即情绪微观过程中的纵向模式可以客观地推导和量化。（2）它还表明，情绪模式可以在疗程内水平上以及疗程间分析水平上确定。（3）最后，随着时间的推移观察到的过程支持帕斯卡尔-莱昂和格林伯格（2007）情绪处理模型中假设的情绪状态有序模式。
