Colombo Lucia, Sulpizio Simone, Peressotti Francesca
Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
Facoltà di Psicologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Fondazione Marica De Vincenzi ONLUS, 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2017 Sep;161:46-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4.
The study describes the developmental trend of transposed letters (TL) effects in a lexical decision task. The TL effect refers to the fact that nonwords derived from words by transposing two middle letters (e.g., talbe from table) are responded to more slowly than control nonwords in which two letters are replaced (RL [replaced letters]; e.g., tafde). We measured this effect in three groups of children (second, third, and fifth graders) and a group of adults. Length was manipulated with short letter strings (four or five letters) and long letter strings (seven or eight letters). In long letter strings, position of letter transposition/replacement was also manipulated; half of the stimuli contained the TL/RL toward the beginning of the string and half toward the end of the string. The results showed that the size of the TL effect increased with age and that this developmental pattern was more marked for transpositions involving the final part of the word. The results suggest that with the increase in reading ability, the reading system relies more strongly on a coarse orthographic representation in which letter position is not precisely coded. Furthermore, the effect of position suggests that a serial mechanism is used to scan the letter string. This determines the extent to which nonwords activate the base words, modulating the influence of lexical effects in nonword decisions. The nature of this effect is discussed.
该研究描述了在词汇判断任务中字母换位（TL）效应的发展趋势。TL效应指的是，通过调换两个中间字母从单词派生而来的非词（例如，由table派生的talbe）比两个字母被替换的对照非词（RL[替换字母]；例如，tafde）的反应更慢。我们在三组儿童（二年级、三年级和五年级学生）和一组成年人中测量了这种效应。通过短字母串（四或五个字母）和长字母串（七或八个字母）来操控长度。在长字母串中，字母换位/替换的位置也进行了操控；一半的刺激包含位于字符串开头的TL/RL，另一半包含位于字符串末尾的TL/RL。结果表明，TL效应的大小随着年龄增长而增加，并且这种发展模式在涉及单词最后部分的换位中更为明显。结果表明，随着阅读能力的提高，阅读系统更强烈地依赖于一种粗略的正字法表征，其中字母位置没有被精确编码。此外，位置效应表明使用了一种串行机制来扫描字母串。这决定了非词激活基础单词的程度，调节了非词判断中词汇效应的影响。讨论了这种效应的性质。
