Tonkin M A
Department of Hand Surgery & Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia.
J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2017 Jun;42(5):448-456. doi: 10.1177/1753193417690965. Epub 2017 Feb 17.
The Oberg, Manske, Tonkin Classification of congenital anomalies of the hand and upper limb utilizes dysmorphological concepts to distinguish Malformations from Deformations and Dysplasias. Malformations are abnormalities of Formation and/or Differentiation of tissues. Deformations are abnormalities which occur after tissue is formed. Dysplasias are abnormalities which result from a lack of normal organization of cells into tissue. Malformations are sub-grouped according to whether the abnormality affects the hand alone or the whole of the upper limb; and according to which, if any, of the three main axes of development are primarily involved. It is not possible to satisfy all criteria which would define an ideal classification. However, this system is practical in that it retains the surgical diagnoses and sub-classifications familiar to surgeons and is easily utilized; it is expandable and may be modified without destroying its structure; it may be used to accumulate prevalence data; and, in the future, gene and chromosomal defects which are identified for specific diagnoses may be incorporated into the system.
奥伯格、曼斯克、东京手部及上肢先天性畸形分类法运用畸形学概念，将畸形与变形及发育异常区分开来。畸形是组织形成和/或分化的异常。变形是组织形成后出现的异常。发育异常是由于细胞缺乏正常组织形成而导致的异常。畸形根据异常是仅影响手部还是整个上肢进行分组；并根据发育的三个主要轴中是否有任何一个主要受累进行分组。不可能满足定义理想分类的所有标准。然而，该系统具有实用性，因为它保留了外科医生熟悉的手术诊断和亚分类，且易于使用；它具有扩展性，可以在不破坏其结构的情况下进行修改；它可用于积累患病率数据；并且在未来，为特定诊断所确定的基因和染色体缺陷可能会被纳入该系统。
