Miyazaki Shinichi, Liu Chih-Yao, Hayashi Yu
International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Japan.
International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Neurosci Res. 2017 May;118:3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.017. Epub 2017 May 10.
Many mammalian species, including humans, spend a substantial fraction of their life sleeping. Sleep deprivation in rats ultimately leads to death, indicating the essential role of sleep. Exactly why sleep is so essential, however, remains largely unknown. From an evolutionary point of view, almost all animal species that have been investigated exhibit sleep or sleep-like states, suggesting that sleep may benefit survival. In certain mammalian and avian species, sleep can be further divided into at least two stages, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep. In addition to a widely conserved role for sleep, these individual sleep stages may have roles unique to these animals. The recent use of state-of-the-art techniques, including optogenetics and chemogenetics, has greatly broadened our understanding of the neural mechanisms of sleep regulation, allowing us to address the function of sleep. Studies focusing on non-mammalian animals species have also provided novel insights into the evolution of sleep. This review provides a comprehensive overview regarding the current knowledge of the function and evolution of sleep.
包括人类在内的许多哺乳动物一生中的很大一部分时间都在睡眠。大鼠睡眠剥夺最终会导致死亡，这表明睡眠具有至关重要的作用。然而，睡眠为何如此重要，在很大程度上仍然未知。从进化的角度来看，几乎所有被研究过的动物物种都表现出睡眠或类似睡眠的状态，这表明睡眠可能有益于生存。在某些哺乳动物和鸟类物种中，睡眠可进一步分为至少两个阶段，即快速眼动（REM）睡眠和非快速眼动睡眠。除了睡眠具有广泛保守的作用外，这些个体睡眠阶段可能对这些动物具有独特的作用。最近使用包括光遗传学和化学遗传学在内的先进技术，极大地拓宽了我们对睡眠调节神经机制的理解，使我们能够探讨睡眠的功能。对非哺乳动物物种的研究也为睡眠的进化提供了新的见解。本综述全面概述了关于睡眠功能和进化的当前知识。
