University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2017 Jul;55:56-73. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.010. Epub 2017 Apr 27.
This meta-analysis examined the strength of association between upward counterfactual thinking and depressive symptoms. Forty-two effect sizes from a pooled sample of 13,168 respondents produced a weighted average effect size of r=.26, p<.001. Moderator analyses using an expanded set of 96 effect sizes indicated that upward counterfactuals and regret produced significant positive effects that were similar in strength. Effects also did not vary as a function of the theme of the counterfactual-inducing situation or study design (cross-sectional versus longitudinal). Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed across sample types, methods of assessing upward counterfactual thinking, and types of depression scale. Significant positive effects were found in studies that employed samples of bereaved individuals, older adults, terminally ill patients, or university students, but not adolescent mothers or mixed samples. Both number-based and Likert-based upward counterfactual thinking assessments produced significant positive effects, with the latter generating a larger effect. All depression scales produced significant positive effects, except for the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview. Research and theoretical implications are discussed in relation to cognitive theories of depression and the functional theory of upward counterfactual thinking, and important gaps in the extant research literature are identified.
本荟萃分析考察了向上反事实思维与抑郁症状之间关联强度。在一个包含 13168 名受访者的综合样本中，42 个效应量产生了 r=.26（p<.001）的加权平均效应量。使用扩展的 96 个效应量进行的调节分析表明，向上反事实思维和遗憾产生了相似强度的显著正效应。效应也不受反事实诱发情境的主题或研究设计（横断面与纵向）的影响。在样本类型、向上反事实思维评估方法和抑郁量表类型方面，观察到显著的效应量异质性。在使用丧亲个体、老年人、绝症患者或大学生样本的研究中发现了显著的正效应，但在青少年母亲或混合样本中没有发现。基于数字的和基于李克特量表的向上反事实思维评估都产生了显著的正效应，后者产生的效应更大。除了精神病学流行病学研究访谈外，所有抑郁量表都产生了显著的正效应。讨论了与抑郁的认知理论和向上反事实思维的功能理论有关的研究和理论意义，并确定了现有研究文献中的重要差距。
