Kim Anthony J, Hanes Justin
Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Robert H. and Clarice Smith Bldg., 6th Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Biophys Rev. 2012 Jun;4(2):83-92. doi: 10.1007/s12551-012-0066-y. Epub 2012 Feb 3.
A growing number of nanoparticle systems, termed "nanomedicines", are being developed for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles can employ various cellular entry pathways and trafficking mechanisms to effectively deliver drugs, biomolecules, and imaging agents to precise sub-cellular locations. However, the dynamic transport of nanoparticles through the complex intracellular environment is not well understood, having been primarily studied with static or bulk averaged methods in the past. Such techniques do not provide detailed information regarding the transport mechanism and rates of individual nanoparticles, where understanding of the interaction of nanoparticles with the cellular environment remains incomplete. Recent advances in live-cell fluorescence microscopy and real-time multiple particle tracking (MPT) have facilitated an improved understanding of cell trafficking pathways. Understanding the dynamic transport of nanoparticles as they are delivered into complex cellular components may lead to rational improvements in the design of nanomedicines. This review discusses different cellular uptake and trafficking pathways of nanomedicines, briefly highlights current fluorescence microscopy tools, and provides examples from the recent literature on the use of MPT and its applications.
越来越多被称为“纳米药物”的纳米颗粒系统正被开发用于诊断和治疗应用。纳米颗粒可以利用各种细胞进入途径和运输机制，有效地将药物、生物分子和成像剂递送至精确的亚细胞位置。然而，纳米颗粒在复杂细胞内环境中的动态运输尚未得到充分理解，过去主要是用静态或整体平均方法进行研究。此类技术无法提供有关单个纳米颗粒运输机制和速率的详细信息，对纳米颗粒与细胞环境相互作用的理解仍不完整。活细胞荧光显微镜和实时多颗粒跟踪（MPT）的最新进展有助于更好地理解细胞运输途径。了解纳米颗粒在被递送至复杂细胞成分时的动态运输，可能会使纳米药物的设计得到合理改进。本文综述讨论了纳米药物不同的细胞摄取和运输途径，简要介绍了当前的荧光显微镜工具，并提供了近期文献中关于MPT及其应用的实例。
