Ren Zhumei, Harris A J, Dikow Rebecca B, Ma Enbo, Zhong Yang, Wen Jun
School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Rd, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2017 Dec;117:102-110. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.017. Epub 2017 May 19.
The Rhus gall aphids are sometimes referred to as subtribe Melaphidina (Aphididae: Eriosomatinae: Fordini) and comprise a unique group that forms galls on the primary host plants, Rhus. We examined the evolutionary relationships within the Melaphidina aphids using sequences of the complete mitochondrial genome and with samples of 11 of the 12 recognized species representing all six genera. Bayesian, maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the mitochondrial genome data support five well-supported clades within Melaphidina: (1) Nurudea (except N. ibofushi), (2) Schlechtendalia-Nurudea ibofushi, (3) Meitanaphis-Kaburagia, (4) Floraphis, and (5) Melaphis. Nurudea shiraii and N. yanoniella are sister to each other, but N. ibofushi is nested within Schlechtendalia. The Nurudea shiraii-N. yanoniella clade is sister to the large clade of the remaining taxa of Melaphidina aphids. The Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses support the North American Melaphis rhois as sister to the clade of Floraphis-Kaburagia-Meitanaphis-Schlechtendalia from eastern Asia, whereas the parsimony analysis suggests Melaphis sister to Floraphis with low support (bootstrap support 38%), and the amino acid data weakly place it sister to Schlechtendalia-Nurudea ibofushi. The Melaphis position needs to be further tested with nuclear data. Meitanaphis flavogallis is sister to Kaburagia species instead of grouping with Meitanaphis elongallis. Using the Bayesian method, the North American Melaphis was estimated to have diverged from its closest Asian relatives around 64.6 (95% HPD 59.4-69.8) Ma, which is in the early Paleocene near the Cretaceous and Paleogene boundary (K/Pg boundary). At the K/Pg boundary, mass extinctions caused many types of insect-plant associations to disappear, and these extinctions may explain some of the difficulties in the phylogenetic placement of Melaphis within the analyses.
盐肤木蚜有时被归入Melaphidina亚族（蚜科：绵蚜亚科：Fordini族），是一个独特的类群，能在其主要寄主植物盐肤木上形成虫瘿。我们利用完整线粒体基因组序列，并选取了代表所有六个属的12个已确认物种中的11个样本，研究了Melaphidina蚜内的进化关系。对线粒体基因组数据进行的贝叶斯分析、最大似然分析和简约分析支持Melaphidina内五个得到充分支持的分支：（1）Nurudea属（N. ibofushi除外），（2）角倍蚜属 - Nurudea ibofushi，（3）湄潭蚜属 - 铁倍花蚜属，（4）花翅蚜属，以及（5）五倍子蚜属。白背麸蚜和柳麸蚜互为姐妹种，但N. ibofushi嵌套在角倍蚜属内。白背麸蚜 - 柳麸蚜分支是Melaphidina蚜其余类群大分支的姐妹分支。贝叶斯分析和最大似然分析支持北美五倍子蚜是东亚花翅蚜属 - 铁倍花蚜属 - 湄潭蚜属 - 角倍蚜属分支的姐妹种，而简约分析表明五倍子蚜属是花翅蚜属的姐妹种，支持度较低（自展支持率38%），氨基酸数据则微弱地表明它是角倍蚜属 - Nurudea ibofushi的姐妹种。五倍子蚜属的位置需要用核数据进一步验证。黄球湄潭蚜是铁倍花蚜属物种的姐妹种，而非与长管湄潭蚜归为一类。采用贝叶斯方法估计，北美五倍子蚜与其最亲近的亚洲近缘种大约在6460万（95%最高后验密度区间为5940 - 6980万）年前分化，这一时期处于古新世早期，接近白垩纪和古近纪边界（K/Pg边界）。在K/Pg边界，大规模灭绝导致许多类型的昆虫 - 植物关联消失，这些灭绝事件可能解释了在系统发育分析中五倍子蚜属定位困难的部分原因。
