Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 1;599-600:1984-1992. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.109. Epub 2017 May 23.
Exposure to phthalates has been associated with reproductive and developmental toxicity. Data on levels of these compounds in the Norwegian population is limited. In this study, urine samples were collected from 48 mothers and their children in two counties in Norway. Eleven different phthalate metabolites originating from six commonly used phthalates in consumer products were determined. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites were significantly higher in children compared to mothers except for mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP). The mothers provided several urine samples during 24hours (h) and diurnal variation showed that the concentrations in the morning urine samples (24-8h) were significantly higher than at other time-periods for most of the phthalate metabolites. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for 24-hour time-period were in the range of 0.49-0.81. These moderate to high ICCs indicate that one spot urine sample can be used to estimate the exposure to phthalates. Since a significant effect of time of day was observed, it is still advisable to standardize the collection time point to reduce the variation. For the mothers, the use of personal care products (PCPs) were less associated with morning urine samples than early day (8-12h) and evening (16-24h) urine samples. The use of perfume and hair products were positively associated with the urinary concentrations of low molecular weight phthalates. Use of shower soap and shampoo were positively associated with urinary concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites. For children, face cream use was positively associated with phthalate metabolites in the morning samples, and hand soap use was negatively associated with concentration of urinary DEHP metabolites in afternoon/evening samples. Since different PCPs were associated with the urinary phthalate metabolites in different time-periods during a day, more than one spot urine sample might be required to study associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and the use of PCPs.
邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露与生殖和发育毒性有关。关于挪威人群中这些化合物水平的数据有限。在这项研究中,从挪威两个县的 48 名母亲及其子女中采集了尿液样本。测定了来自消费产品中六种常用邻苯二甲酸酯的 11 种不同的邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物。除了单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯(MEP)外,儿童尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度明显高于母亲。母亲在 24 小时内提供了几次尿液样本,昼夜变化表明,大多数邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的早晨尿液样本(24-8 小时)浓度明显高于其他时间。24 小时时间段的组内相关系数(ICC)在 0.49-0.81 之间。这些中等至高的 ICC 表明,一个点尿样可以用来估计邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露。由于观察到时间的显著影响,仍然建议标准化收集时间点以减少变异性。对于母亲来说,个人护理产品(PCP)的使用与早晨尿液样本的相关性低于早间(8-12 小时)和晚间(16-24 小时)尿液样本。香水和头发产品的使用与低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯的尿液浓度呈正相关。沐浴皂和洗发水的使用与邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)代谢物的尿液浓度呈正相关。对于儿童,面霜的使用与早晨样本中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物呈正相关,而手皂的使用与下午/晚上样本中尿液 DEHP 代谢物的浓度呈负相关。由于不同的 PCP 在一天中不同的时间段与尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物相关,因此可能需要多个点尿样来研究尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物与 PCP 使用之间的关系。