Abimbola Samuel Olushola, Xeni Christina, Sakhi Amrit Kaur, Heibati Behzad, Husøy Trine, Dirven Hubert, Makris Konstantinos C
Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
Toxics. 2022 Apr 7;10(4):181. doi: 10.3390/toxics10040181.
Much evidence on the adverse health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has accumulated during recent decades. EDCs are commonly found in various foods and personal care products (PCP). Data documenting a diurnally varying EDC metabolism in humans is scarce. This study examined (i) the time-of-day effect on the diurnal magnitude and variance of urinary biomarkers of exposure to EDCs, and (ii) the association between EDC exposures and oxidative damage in a Norwegian adult subpopulation. This was a cross-sectional panel study using biobanked samples from the EuroMix project. During a typical weekday, participants were asked to collect all day’s urine voids and record dietary and PCP habitual uses in a diary. Collected time stamps of urine voids were classified into three distinct periods in the day (morning 6 a.m.−12 p.m., mid-day 12 p.m.−6 p.m., evening 6 p.m.−6 a.m.). Questionnaires regarding demographic characteristics, personal care product usage, and dietary habits were completed. Urinary levels of EDCs (phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols) were measured using mass spectrometry and adjusted for urinary volume using specific gravity. Urinary 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), a lipid peroxidation marker, was measured using an immunoassay kit. Linear mixed-effect models identified EDCs under the influence of a diurnal variation effect that was adjusted for dietary habits and PCP use and examined associations between EDC and 4HNE. p-values were FDR-adjusted. Most phthalates appeared to be diurnally varying with higher urinary levels towards the evening (q < 0.001) than those measured during mid-day; this strong diurnal variation effect was not present for parabens and bisphenols. Significant (q < 0.001) positive associations were observed between all phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols (except bisphenol S) and 4HNE. This study’s findings highlighted the diurnal variation of excretion for certain EDC, but not for others, in real-life conditions. The degree of EDC chronotoxicity in distinct diurnal windows of the day warrants further investigation with longitudinal human studies.
近几十年来，关于内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）对健康的不良影响已有大量证据积累。EDCs常见于各类食品和个人护理产品（PCP）中。记录人类EDC代谢日变化的数据十分稀少。本研究考察了（i）一天中的不同时间对EDC暴露的尿生物标志物的日变化幅度和方差的影响，以及（ii）挪威成年亚人群中EDC暴露与氧化损伤之间的关联。这是一项横断面队列研究，使用了来自EuroMix项目的生物样本库样本。在一个典型的工作日，参与者被要求收集全天的尿液，并在日记中记录饮食和PCP的日常使用情况。收集到的排尿时间戳被分为一天中的三个不同时间段（上午6点至中午12点、中午12点至下午6点、晚上6点至上午6点）。完成了关于人口统计学特征、个人护理产品使用情况和饮食习惯的问卷调查。使用质谱法测量尿液中EDCs（邻苯二甲酸盐、对羟基苯甲酸酯和双酚）的水平，并使用比重对尿量进行校正。使用免疫分析试剂盒测量尿液中脂质过氧化标志物4-羟基壬烯醛（4HNE）。线性混合效应模型确定了在考虑饮食习惯和PCP使用情况进行调整后的日变化效应影响下的EDCs，并考察了EDC与4HNE之间的关联。p值经FDR校正。大多数邻苯二甲酸盐似乎呈现日变化，晚上的尿液水平（q < 0.001）高于中午测量的水平；对羟基苯甲酸酯和双酚则不存在这种强烈的日变化效应。在所有邻苯二甲酸盐、对羟基苯甲酸酯和双酚（双酚S除外）与4HNE之间观察到显著的（q < 0.001）正相关。本研究结果突出了在现实生活条件下某些EDC排泄的日变化，但其他EDC并非如此。一天中不同时间段EDC的时辰毒性程度值得通过纵向人体研究进一步调查。
