Herz A
Department of Neuropharmacology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Planegg-Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany.
NIDA Res Monogr. 1988;90:17-26.
Exogenous and endogenous opioids significantly affect motivational processes; depending on the particular opioid receptor type with which they interact opposite effects are induced: activation of mu and delta opioid receptors is rewarding whereas activation of kappa opioid receptors induces aversive effects. Antagonism of mu-opioid receptors also induces aversion, suggesting the existence of a tonically active opioidergic reward pathway. There is evidence that beta-endorphin pathways arising from the hypothalamus play an important role in this respect. Opioid-induced reward as well as aversion seem to be mediated by the mesolimbic dopamine system, reward by increased, aversion by decreased transmission at D1 dopamine receptors.
外源性和内源性阿片类物质显著影响动机过程；根据它们相互作用的特定阿片受体类型，会产生相反的效应：μ和δ阿片受体的激活是奖赏性的，而κ阿片受体的激活则诱导厌恶效应。μ阿片受体的拮抗也会诱导厌恶，这表明存在一条持续活跃的阿片能奖赏通路。有证据表明，源自下丘脑的β-内啡肽通路在这方面发挥着重要作用。阿片类物质诱导的奖赏以及厌恶似乎都由中脑边缘多巴胺系统介导，奖赏是通过增加D1多巴胺受体处的传递，厌恶则是通过减少传递。
