Vermeij Geerat J
Department of Geology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Evolution. 1992 Jun;46(3):657-664. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02073.x.
A survey of cool-temperate North Pacific and North Atlantic marine plants and herbivorous molluscs and their descendants was undertaken to determine the time of origin and the biogeographical history of specialized host-guest relationships between plants and herbivores. Of 12 such associations, 6 (50%) were established no earlier than the Pliocene. These six associations resulted from the invasion of either the plant (three cases) or the herbivore (three cases) from geographical regions other than the one in which the association was forged. These results are contrary to the widely held view that specialized ("coevolved") relationships tend to be ancient, and highlight the importance of biotic interchange as a biogeographical process influencing the opportunity for trophic specialization.
对北太平洋和北大西洋凉爽温带的海洋植物、草食性软体动物及其后代进行了一项调查，以确定植物与草食动物之间特殊宿主 - 客关系的起源时间和生物地理历史。在12种这样的关联中，有6种（50%）不早于上新世形成。这六种关联是由于植物（三个案例）或草食动物（三个案例）从关联形成地区以外的地理区域入侵造成的。这些结果与广泛持有的观点相反，即特殊的（“共同进化的”）关系往往是古老的，并突出了生物交换作为影响营养特化机会的生物地理过程的重要性。
