Rodhouse P G
Biol Bull. 1998 Aug;195(1):17-20. doi: 10.2307/1542771.
The coleoid cephalopods (cuttlefish, squid and octopus) arose from their shelled ancestors during the late Devonian; they diversified in the Jurassic but did not radiate substantially until the Tertiary. Since then they have coevolved with the fish (1). Squid are less efficient energetically than fish (2) but have survived alongside them by evolving highly opportunistic reproductive and feeding strategies (3, 4) as well as rapid jetting and inking for escape and defense. Little is known about the life history strategies of the fossil forms, but the only surviving shelled cephalopods, the nautiluses, have relatively long life spans and are iteroparous; that is, in common with most members of other molluscan classes, they breed more than once during their lives. In contrast, all other living cephalopods are generally short lived (usually 1 year) and have monocyclic reproduction and a semelparous life history. The short-lived semelparous coleoids are typified by the mid-latitude ommastrephid squid which provide the basic model considered here. This family is relatively primitive and biologically well known. Its members are essentially monocyclic, but some species may spawn their eggs in batches (5, 6) although there is no evidence of this in laboratory spawnings (7). Most loliginid squid, at least in temperate seas, have a life cycle similar to that of the ommastrephids, despite having different spawning habits. A comparison of the lifetime energetics and growth pattern of benthic, iteroparous molluscs with those of the pelagic, semelparous ommastrephids shows that, although some squid may attain a length of 1 m or more, the allocation of their energy resource among growth components is essentially characteristic of the early life, especially the first year, of iteroparous forms. The life-time energy budget of these squid thus seems to have evolved by physiological progenesis, a process in which maturation is accelerated while other aspects of the physiology are more typical of the juvenile.
头足纲软体动物（乌贼、鱿鱼和章鱼）在泥盆纪晚期从有壳祖先演化而来；它们在侏罗纪时期开始多样化，但直到第三纪才大量辐射演化。从那时起，它们就与鱼类协同进化（1）。鱿鱼在能量利用效率上低于鱼类（2），但通过进化出高度机会主义的繁殖和摄食策略（3, 4）以及用于逃避和防御的快速喷射和喷墨能力，得以与鱼类并存。对于化石形态的生活史策略知之甚少，但现存唯一有壳的头足类动物——鹦鹉螺，寿命相对较长且是多次繁殖的；也就是说，与其他软体动物类别的大多数成员一样，它们在一生中繁殖不止一次。相比之下，所有其他现存的头足类动物通常寿命较短（通常为1年），具有单周期繁殖和一次性繁殖的生活史。寿命短且一次性繁殖的头足纲软体动物以中纬度柔鱼科鱿鱼为典型代表，本文以此作为基本模型。这个科相对原始且在生物学上广为人知。其成员基本上是单周期的，但一些物种可能分批产卵（5, 6），尽管在实验室产卵中没有这种现象的证据（7）。大多数枪乌贼科鱿鱼，至少在温带海域，尽管产卵习性不同，但生活周期与柔鱼科相似。将底栖、多次繁殖的软体动物与浮游、一次性繁殖的柔鱼科鱿鱼的终生能量学和生长模式进行比较表明，尽管一些鱿鱼可能长到1米或更长，但它们在生长组成部分之间的能量分配基本上具有多次繁殖形态早期生活，尤其是第一年的特征。因此，这些鱿鱼的终生能量预算似乎是通过生理早熟进化而来的，在这个过程中，成熟加速，而生理的其他方面更具幼体特征。
